<p>Tell al-Ubaid  is a low, relatively small tell  west of nearby Ur in southern Iraqs Dhi Qar Governorate. The majority of the remains are from the Ubaid period, for which Tell al-&#39;Ubaid is the type site, with an Early Dynastic temple at the highest point.</p><br>
<h2>History of archaeological research</h2><br>
<p>The site was first worked by Henry Hall of the British Museum in 1919. Later, C. L. Woolley excavated there in 1923 and 1924, followed by Seton Lloyd and Pinhas Delougaz in 1937, the latter working for the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.</p><br>
<h2>Tell al-`Ubaid and its environment</h2><br>
<p>Today, Tell al-`Ubaid lies 250 km from the Persian Gulf, but the shoreline lay much closer to the site during the Ubaid period. The tell, or settlement mound, is an oblong measuring approximately 500 x on a roughly north-south axis. It extends about 2 m above the current surface. The excavated Early Dynastic temple is located on the northern edge of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>The lower level of the site featured large amounts of Ubaid pottery and associated kilns. Evidence for Ubaid period pottery manufacture has also been observed on the surface of the site. The size of the surface scatter indicates that pottery production was a specialized craft, and this confirms finds from other Ubaid sites like Eridu. The site also yielded a cemetery and some finds from the Jemdet Nasr period. The temple of Ninhursag at the summit was on a cleared oval similar to that at Khafajah. The wall surrounding the temple was built by Shulgi of the Ur III Empire.</p><br>
<p>Losna is an island in the municipality of Solund in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 15.3 km&sup2; island lies at the mouth of the Sognefjorden, on the north side of the Sognesjøen. The Tollesundet strait lies between the island and the mainland of Hyllestad to the east and the Krakhellasundet strait lies between the island and the nearby island of Sula to the west. The island of Sula sits only about 600 m to the west. The highest point on the very rocky island is the 451 m tall mountain Meinova on the northern end of the island.</p><br>
<p>All the residents of the island live on the southeastern side of the island, in and around the small village of Losnegard. The only access to the island is by boat, and there are ferry routes from Rutledal to the south in Gulen and to the village of Krakhella on the island of Sula to the west. The island was part of the municipality of Gulen until 1964 when it was administratively transferred to the municipality of Solund. At the beginning of the 1900s, there were about 100 permanent residents of the island, but in 2001, there were only 4 permanent residents left.</p><br>
<p>The Daisen Kofun is a burial mound in Sakai, Osaka, Japan. The mound, or kofun, is considered to be the largest grave in the world by area. The Daisen Kofun is part of a larger complex of tombs known as the Mozu tombs spread across Sakai City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Daisen Kofun mound and tomb complex are believed to have been constructed over a period of 20 years in the mid 5th century during the Kofun Period. While it cannot be accurately confirmed, it is commonly accepted that the tomb was built for the late Emperor Nintoku. The Imperial Household Agency of Japan treats it as such.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Japanese government proposed that Daisen Kofun, and the entire cluster of Mozu Tombs and Furuichi Tombs, be designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Daisen Kofun mound is approximately 500m long and 300m across at its widest point, while the entire tomb area is 840m long. Enclosed by three moats, the mound rises approximately 35m above the surrounding terrain. The inner moat is the widest of the moats at approximately 60m. The mound is approximately 100,000m2 in area, and the entire tomb is 460,000m2.</p><br>
<p>Today, the tomb is off-limits and protected by the Imperial Household Agency in the centre of Sakai City. The moats have been maintained and provide a sanctuary for fish and waterbirds. The mound itself is completely overgrown by vegetation. A viewing platform from the second (middle) moat is accessible at the south side of the site. The viewing platform is 500m away from Mozu Station on the Hanwa Line and is directly across the street from the Sakai City Museum. This museum provides visitors with more information about the kofun and its history.</p><br>
<p>Winants Hall is a historic educational building located on the Queens Campus of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1890 under the leadership of President Merrill Edward Gates, it was the first dormitory built on campus.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property in the Queens Campus, Rutgers University Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, students rented rooms from local boarding houses as the college did not offer dormitories or other student housing. In 1890, Garrett Ellis Winants, a college trustee and wealthy philanthropist from Bayonne presented to the trustees a sketch of a proposed dormitory and a donation of $75,000 to build it. The building was designed by architect Van Campen Taylor, an 1867 graduate of Rutgers College, and Winants Hall was erected in 1890. Winants would serve as Rutgers College&#39;s sole dormitory until 1915 when Ford Hall was built on the Voorhees Mall along College Avenue. After World War II, Winants was converted to offices for faculty and academic departments, and for administrative staff.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, a century after its construction, Winants Hall underwent a $9.4 million restoration. The building currently houses the universitys alumni relations and legal counsel offices, and the universitys fundraising arm, the Rutgers University Foundation.</p><br>
<p>New Jersey Hall is a historic education building located on the campus of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1889 under the leadership of President Merrill Edward Gates, it housed the Agricultural Experiment Station.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>New Jersey Hall was built from funds authorized by the New Jersey state legislature to construct an "Agricultural Hall" to house the State Experiment Station (now part of the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, formerly Cook College). It initially housed the colleges departments of Chemistry and Biology. Today, New Jersey Hall houses the universitys Department of Economics and the New Jersey Bureau of Economic Research. It is primarily an office building.</p><br>
<p>The DeVault-Massengill House  is a historical building and farmstead in Piney Flats, Tennessee. The house is a mansion built in the greek revival style by Isaac DeVault in 1842. The first building on the property, a log cabin built by Henry Massengill around 1769, is also still intact. The house and property was listed in the USA National Register of Historic Places as the DeVault-Masengill house in 1985 for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History of the buildings and land</h2><br>
<p>The property was first developed by Henry Massengill, who settled in eastern Tennessee in 1769. He built a log cabin on the property, which has been restored and is still there. He also developed it into a plantation, which remained in operation for many generations. The DeVault family acquired the property in the 19th century, and the Massengills bought it back in 1937. Today it lies along the Bristol Highway, across from the Rocky Mount Museum.</p><br>
<p>Tissø is the 4th largest freshwater lake in Denmark, at 12.3 km. It is located on the western part of Zealand, in the municipality of Kalundborg.</p><br>
<p>There are several small towns and villages near the lake, of which Sæby is the biggest at 343 citizens (2013).</p><br>
<p>In the town of Kalundborg, some of Lake Tissø&#39;s outflow is used as cooling water for the Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Tissø means The Gods Lake, but the etymology and meaning is not obvious. Basically the name can be broken into Tis-sø, where sø means lake in a literal and simple translation from Danish to English. Tis is the more interesting part and refers to the old god Tir, who have given name to many places in Denmark like Tisvilde, Tirslund or Thisted fx., and Tissø was originally known as Tirs Lake. However the word Ti is also an Old Danish word meaning God, without being specific. At some point during the Iron Age, the new god Tor took over Tirs role as a God of War and therefore Tissø was then on referred to as The Gods Lake, relying on the meaning of the word ti and without being specific about which god, or gods for that matter.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, a slightly different understanding of the origins of the name Tissø have emerged. It is possible, that the name originally was Tis-ø and that the extra s have been added later on, when name-recording was needed. The pronunciation of Tissø and Tis-ø is almost the same, but the later translates as Tirs Island, referring to the area around Fugledegård on the western brink of the lake. Fugledegård was once a settlement and a magnates residence in the Viking Age and situated on a relatively high lying area, it used to be an island or islet rather. Remains of a cult-house have been excavated and there are numerous remains of animal sacrifices and religious practises at Fugledegård. There is no doubt that the area was an important religious site in former ages and there is thus a possibility, that it also gave name to the entire lake eventually.</p><br>
<p>There are many myths and folklore stories about the origin of lake Tissø.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake of Tissø was created after the ice receded, at the end of the last ice age. Parts of the ice cover were left behind and landlocked in valleys of the virgin lands. Such ice pockets are known as dead-ice and as the climate steadily warmed up, they melted and turned into freshwater lakes also known as kettle holes.</p><br>
<p>Tissø have always had a great importance for the people living here. In the earliest of times, humans hunted around the lake in the summer months and there are numerous traces of their activities in the area and the wetlands now surrounding the lake. Maglemosen southwest of the lake and Åmosen to the east, are of special mention here, since they have revealed defining archaeological finds of the socalled Maglemosian culture and Kongemose culture, in the years 1900 and 1952 respectively.</p><br>
<p>Later on, when the climate warmed up and people begun to build permanent settlements, the lake also became important as a place of sacrifition and votive offerings. There have been many finds from the Iron Age and Viking Age and the cult practices continued on after the Christianization of Denmark even.</p><br>
<h3>Kalmargården</h3><br>
<p>There are several excavations of Iron Age settlements around Tissø and in 1976 a large golden ornamental ring manufactured in the 10th century, was unearthed during a regular field-plowing. The Tissø Ring is a neck-ring with a diameter of 30 cm and at 1.83 kg (originally 2 kg), it is one of the largest gold finds in Denmark. This led to professional investigations and remains of a Viking estate was discovered at the site now known as Kalmargården, near Fugledegård on the western lakebrink. In 1995-2003 large scale excavations revealed, that the total settlement covered c. 500,000 m (50 ha), centered around a 12 x 48 m hall and with several buildings and structures believed to have ritualistic purposes. In 2012 remains of another large hall measuring 8 x 35 m was discovered. The magnates residence of Kalmargården, greatly resemble the residences excavated at Old Lejre in central Zealand and at Järrestad in Scania. It has been suggested that Kalmargården served as a seasonal residence for the royal family based in Old Lejre.</p><br>
<p>Some of the historic evidence is on exhibit at Kalundborg Museum in Kalundborg and others are on exhibit at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. There is a visitor center near the Viking magnate&#39;s former residence; Fugledegård visitor centre.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Even though Tissø is steadily polluted by excessive nutrients from the surrounding farmlands and inflows, the environmental standard of the lake is usually considered good, because of the high level of water exchange and the effective natural oxygenation of the surface waters. Therefore, the lake supports a rich fish and plant life, with around 20 species of fish living here. Most of the fish are spending their entire life in the lake, but a few like the ide and the brown trout are migrating from the sea through the stream of Nedre Halleby Å. Surprisingly the lake also houses European flounder. The flounder can live in the fresh waters of the lake, but they cannot spawn here. Tissø formerly supported professional fishing, but is now exclusively fished by anglers. Fishing is strongly regulated nowadays, requiring a fishing licence and restricted to the daylight hours more than 100 m from the shores. Two larger areas of the western part of the lake, is also to be protected from both fishing and sailing, and rules apply to what size and kind of fish can be caught. According to the angling association Lystfiskeriforeningen Anno 1886, the lake is dominated by European perch, but a good sized population of northern pike is here as well. Other common fish includes tench, various carps and European eel. There is a small and fragile population of zander.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>Tissø is home to a rich and varied birdlife and occasionally hunting white-tailed eagles or ospreys can be seen - a site rare in Denmark. On the lake itself great crested grebe, common merganser, various dabbling and diving ducks, greylag goose, bean goose, Canada goose, mute swan, whooper swan, tundra swan and Eurasian coot are usual residents. The beach meadows and reed beds house many foraging and breeding birds like pied avocet, little tern, common reed bunting, Eurasian reed warbler and western marsh harrier in addition to Eurasian bittern, bearded reedling, Eurasian penduline tit and common grasshopper warbler. Almost all of the lakeside is on private hands, but there is a publicly accessible birdwatching tower near Fugledegård.</p><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>On the southeastern shores near the village of Sæby is a protected strip of land consisting of dry commons on steep slopes, where human traffic is prohibited from 1 April to 15 July. The protection safeguards a special plant life here, breeding birds and the general view of the lake. North of this strip is a small deciduous forest known as Klinteskoven, with public access to the lake shores.</p><br>
<p>The steep slopes at Tissø&#39;s northern end is also to be protected. Here sunloving plants like small pasque flower, sunrose and dwarf everlast are found, with the rare and threatened fragrant scabious in between. The meadows below the cliffs are also of botanical interest, supporting plants like marsh lousewort, bog-star and various true sedges like blue sedge along with orchids like early marsh orchid, western marsh orchid and marsh helleborine, in a biotope of calcium-rich springs.</p><br>
<h3>The nature park</h3><br>
<p>The lake of Tissø is part of Naturpark Åmosen; a c. 8,000 ha nature park consisting primarily of Natura 2000 designations. Tissø itself belongs to Natura 2000 area 157 specifically.</p><br>
<p>The Orville P. and Sarah Chubb House is a historic house in Fairmont, Minnesota, United States. Built in 1867, the Chubb House is the oldest residence standing in Fairmont, and the only surviving house known to have been built with brick from Fairmonts first brickyard. It was the home of prominent homesteader Orville Chubb, who was the communitys first physician. The house is an example of a property associated with the early Yankee American development of southern Minnesota town sites. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for having local significance in the theme of exploration/settlement. It was nominated for its connections to the founding of Fairmont and for representing the Yankee settlement of southern Minnesota towns.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a Greek Revival design, with brick made from clay quarried near Buffalo Lake. It originally contained three rooms, but another room was added in 1930 and another section was added in 1935. The second floor contains two bedrooms, a small child&#39;s room, and a bathroom. The house was acquired in 1992 by the Martin County Preservation Association. It is the oldest brick house still standing in Fairmont.</p><br>
<p>The Chubb House is one of southwestern Minnesota&#39;s few extant examples of the Greek Revival style. The small, -story house was constructed of reddish-brown brick made locally in the first kiln erected at Fairmont. The basement was constructed of large fieldstones and lake boulders held together with mortar. The mortar was scored around each rock on both the inside and outside of the foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Orville Paterson Chubb was born in Michigan in 1830, attended Cincinnati Medical College, and married Sarah E. Gorton. When the American Civil War started, he enlisted in the Army and served in the Fifth Michigan Regiment in its medical corps. After the war ended, he came to Martin County in fall 1865 to seek land available to retired Civil War soldiers. Representing himself and other officers, he purchased the townsite where Fairmont was eventually plotted. In 1866 Chubb moved to Minnesota with his wife Sarah and daughter Lottie. He and other town founders planned the town of Fairmont and began building homes and businesses.</p><br>
<p>A few months after their move to Fairmont, in an effort to stimulate the development of the town site, Chubb and fellow Michigan officer Colonel Lounsberry established a brickyard on the southwestern side of Buffalo Lake, about 2 mi north of the Chubb House. Because the clay was believed to contain too much lime to make durable brick, the brickyard was short-lived. The Chubb House was the first brick house to be built in the county and is the only building still standing which was made from brick from the Chubb-Lounsberry kiln.</p><br>
<p>The Chubb House was constructed by John R. Dalton, an Irish-born mason who had homesteaded in Martin County in 1866. The house was built at a time when most other structures in the county were log or wood-frame. The house was built on Lake Avenue just north of Fort Fairmont and just south of the home of Chubb&#39;s sister and brother-in-law, Alta Chubb Cadwell and Alpha D. Cadwell. Chubb named the street between the two houses Lottie Street in honor of his daughter.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Chubb was disillusioned with medical practice after the Civil War, but since there were no other physicians in Fairmont, he practiced medicine until Dr. Winslow Hunt arrived in 1871. Chubb is credited with playing a significant role in the building of the Fairmont community. As co-owner of the town site, he was active in designing its physical layout and drew plans for Fairmonts first cemetery and county fairgrounds. As Fairmonts only physician until 1871 he held a professional and social position that was crucial in the community. Sarah E. Gorton Chubb, who had been born in Michigan in October 1831, was also a leader in the community, although few of her contributions have been recorded. She was an active member of the local Congregational church.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the Chubbs left Minnesota so their daughter Lottie could attend school in Nebraska. They sold their house to George S. Livermore. The Chubbs returned to Fairmont, but in 1880 their daughter died, and in 1882, Sarah died. Dr. Chubb remarried and moved to California. He died in 1894 and is buried in Fairmont.</p><br>
<p>Under its second owner, George S. Livermore, the Chubb House served as one of the first hotels in the young village of Fairmont. Livermore was also a prominent early merchant who bought livestock and ran a meat market. He became one of Martin County&#39;s most-respected and wealthiest citizens. He was still living in the house in 1897 and died in 1904. It was probably Livermore who added the southern addition to the house. The third owner of the house, David Wade, was born in Martin County in 1867 and attended Fairmont schools. He was a leading businessman for sixty-eight years. Wade added a wood-frame rear kitchen extension and a Classical Revival-style entrance to the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 the house was threatened with demolition to make room for a parking lot. The Martin County Preservation Association was formed to save the house. The Association purchased the house for $35,000 and refurbished it.</p><br>
<p>Los Pinos Peak is a 4,455 ft summit in the Santa Ana Mountains in Orange County, California, about 8 mi east of Rancho Santa Margarita. Los Pinos is the southernmost peak above 4,000 ft in the Santa Anas, and provides extensive views south towards San Diego and the Pacific Ocean as well as views  of the San Jacinto Mountains and San Bernardino Mountains in the east. The summit rises rather prominently above the main crest of the Santa Anas and is conspicuously visible from much of southern Orange County, although its actual topographic prominence is only about 610 ft.</p><br>
<p>The peak is situated in the Cleveland National Forest and is accessible by the Main Divide Road (a fire road); the Trabuco Canyon Trail, which begins near Trabuco Creek, and the Los Pinos Peak Trail, which begins in Hot Springs Canyon (near San Juan Canyon, San Juan Creek and the Ortega Highway (State Route 74).</p><br>
<p>The W. H. L. McCourtie Estate, originally called Aiden Lair and now known as McCourtie Park, is a recreational park located at 10426 South Jackson Road  in Somerset Center, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1991 the Mexican folk art tradition where wet concrete is sculpted to look like wood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Herbert Lee McCourtie was born in 1872 on a farm near Somerset Center, the eighth child of Mary Cohan McCourtie and Michael Doty McCourtie. He went to the University of Michigan and graduated with a law degree in 1891, and married Ellen D. Hulett in 1896. He soon moved to Dallas, Texas, where he made a fortune in the oil business, and founded his own cement company, Trinity Portland Cement. In the 1920s, McCourtie returned to Somerset Center and in 1924 he purchased the family home and surrounding property and turned it into "Aiden Lair," a community center where he hosted multiple events. He continued hosting free community events well into the Great Depression. McCourtie also hosted out-of-town luminaries; it is known that Henry Ford was a visitor to Aiden Lair.</p><br>
<p>Around 1930, McCourtie hired two itinerant Mexican artisans, George Cardoso and Ralph Corona, to build 17 concrete bridges at Aiden Lair, the most famous artisan in, and acknowledged master of, the genre. It is known that a third unidentified artisan assisted Cardoso and Corona; it has been speculated that the unknown third person was Rodriguez. The cement structures on the property were completed between 1930 and 1933.</p><br>
<p>W. H. L. McCourtie died in 1933. In 1987, the estate was made into a public park. The house on the property was demolished, but the cement sculptures and an underground garage and rathskeller still remain.</p><br>
<p>The McCourtie Estate is now a public park known as McCourtie Park, and in addition to the concrete sculptures contains three tennis courts, a fenced ball diamond, and a picnic area. Admission is free.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The McCourtie Estate covers 42 acre and contains seventeen folk art cement bridges as well as two life-size cement trees that serve as chimneys for the underground garage and rathskeller. The structures are made using a technique known as el trabejo rustico, a Mexican folk art tradition where wet concrete is sculpted to look like wood. The artisans used steel rods as the base, then covered them with wet concrete and hand-sculpted the surface to resemble natural materials such as planed lumber, rough logs, thatch and rope. Two concrete pools and two large bird houses (one with 192 chambers and the other with 288) are also located on the property.</p><br>
<p>Each of the seventeen bridges is unique, with one resembling a thatched cottage, and another resembling a swinging rope bridge. The sculptural elements are extremely detailed, showing "hewing" marks, wood grain, and individual fibers in the thatch and rope. Different tree species can be identified by the bark.</p><br>
<p>The Chesterfield Center Historic District is a historic district that encompasses the traditional village center of the town of Chesterfield, Massachusetts. The village is reflective of the town&#39;s 18th and 19th-century development as an agrarian hill community, with architectural styles before about 1850 predominating. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Chesterfield, located in the eastern foothills of The Berkshires, was first permanently settled in 1760, and was incorporated two years later. Its main village was located near its geographic center, and is basically a rural crossroads village, centered on the junction of the east-west Main Road (Massachusetts Route 143) with North Road and South Road, main roads leading to neighboring communities. Its development pattern differed from earlier-settled communities to the east, in that the settlers tended to be dispersed, with their houses on the larger agricultural parcels they owned, instead of being near a village center. The oldest houses of the village date to the 1770s, although one house incorporates in part a structure dating to c. 1768. The village continued to be a center of civic activity through the 19th century, even though economic and industrial activity was focused in other parts of the town, particularly West Chesterfield.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompassing the village is very roughly T-shaped, extending mainly along Main Road east and west of the junction, and south along South Road. Also included in the district are properties on Bagg and Bryant Roads, which form a rough square with Main and South Roads southwest of the main junction. The district includes a cluster of civic buildings (town hall, library, grange hall, and Congregational Church), one commercial building (a general store), and a number of houses. These buildings are built in a variety of architectural styles, ranging from traditional Georgian to late Victorian Queen Anne. Most of the houses are vernacular versions of some style, and are 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, of wood frame construction.</p><br>
<p>The West Chesterfield Historic District is a historic district that encompasses the 19th century industrial and residential heritage of the village of West Chesterfield in the town of Chesterfield, Massachusetts. Centered at the junction of Main Road and Ireland Street, it was one of the town&#39;s main industrial sites for many years. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>West Chesterfield was one of the first parts of Chesterfield to be settled in the 1760s. The east-west Main Road (Massachusetts Route 143) was laid out on the route of a Native American trail in 1760, and Ireland Street was laid out in 1762, continuing north from its junction with Main Road toward Cummington as Cummington Road. The industrial history of the area begins in the 1770s with Elisha Bisbee&#39;s grist mill (not surviving). Further mills and small industry were built on both sides of the West Branch Westfield River, mainly south of Main Road, during the 19th century. Fire and flood prompted rebuilding of various businesses, one of which, the Healy Company, operated well into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered at the junction of Main Road and Ireland Street in the central western part of Chesterfield. Ireland Street runs along the Westfield River, which provided the water power used by the industrial facilities in the district. Most of the contributing elements of the district date to the 19th century, although some (most notably the 1948 West Chesterfield Bridge) fall outside that time. There are many industrial archeological remnants of mills that were established in the early years of the 19th century, as well as visible remnants of the waterworks (canals, raceways, and dams) that were used to bring power into the mill buildings. None of the 19th century mill buildings have survived, although foundations and other archeological remains are visible. The only major civic structure in the district is the Colonial Revival Herbert Franklin Dunham Library, built 1921. Residential arachitecture in the area is dominated by the Greek Revival, and is predominantly wood-frame in construction.</p><br>
<p>Indian Mesa is a flat top hill whose sides are steep cliffs. Indian Mesa is located within the Lake Pleasant Regional Park grounds by the shores of Lake Pleasant and Agua Fria River in the Bradshaw Mountain Range. Lake Pleasant Regional Park is within the municipal boundaries of Peoria, Arizona. On top of the mesa there are ruins of a prehistoric Hohokam village which is monitored by the Arizona Site Stewards and considered an important archaeological site by the USA Bureau of Land Management. There is a small, steep and narrow path which begins at the skirt of the hill and leads to the top of the mesa.</p><br>
<h2>Indian Mesa and the Hohokam village</h2><br>
<p>Indian Mesa is located in the Lake Pleasant Regional Park area which has an area of 10,000 acres (40 km² or 15.6 mi²). The lake is one of the most important artificial reservoirs surrounding the Phoenix metropolitan area and is filled by the Agua Fria River.</p><br>
<p>It is estimated that in the years AD 1000 to AD 1200, members of the Hohokam Indians, built a community which housed anywhere from 100 to 200 people on top of the mesa. The location presented an easily defensible position for the Hohokam of their village in the event that they were attacked by intruders.</p><br>
<p>According to the USA National Park Service, Hohokam is a Pima (Oodham) word used by archaeologists to identify a group of people who lived in the Sonoran Desert of North America. The Hohokam may have been the ancestors of the historic Akimel Oodham (Pima) and Tohono O&#39;odham peoples in Southern Arizona. They developed an urban society built around irrigated agriculture, watered by an elaborate canal system.</p><br>
<p>The Hohokam men spent most of their time hunting and the women tended the children and houses. The Hohokam used their houses for sleeping. They also used the houses for storage and as a defense against bad weather. They dug a posthole inside their houses and placed heavy mesquite or pine posts on them to support a roof. Among the ruins are fire pits which were used for cooking and for the making of pottery. The clay used to make pottery was gathered on the coast of the Aqua Fria River. Even though the process of pottery making was a time consuming one, the end product was a very useful one. The pots were used for serving water and if broken, the pieces were used for ornaments. The Hohokams also produced jewelry made of raw shell imported from northern Mexico which they traded.</p><br>
<p>The reason for which the Hohokam abandoned the village is unknown. There was a radical decline in the procurement and trade of raw shell from Mexico and its manufacture into jewelry. The transition from pit-houses (a primitive dwelling dug into the ground and roofed over) to pit-rooms and the introduction of spherical spindle whorls may have added to the relatively sudden and widespread abandonment or relocation of many Hohokam villages and a short-lived population decline. Archaeological evidence, such as the ones found at Indian Mesa, indicate that the Hohokams did not vanish nor did they abandon their village overnight. It is believed that the cultural collapse of the Hohokam was a process that lasted several generations and that what may have remained of their culture was passed on to their descendants, the Pima and Tohono O&#39;odham peoples. The ruins in the mesa are some of the best-preserved pieces left behind by this Indian community. The ruins and the mesa are now under the jurisdiction of the USA Bureau of Land Management and monitored by the Arizona Site Stewards.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking Indian Mesa</h2><br>
<p>A permit is not required to hike the mesa. The entrance to the area is reached from Phoenix, Arizona by travelling north on the I-17 highway and exiting at Table Mesa Road. The hike to the mesa is 3 miles from the designated vehicle parking area. The hike consists of a total of six miles round trip on a rocky terrain which is made up of a blend of desert and semi-desert ecosystems. The climb to the top of the mesa, whose height is approximately 400 feet, is reached through a steep and narrow path that has a dangerous hundred foot drop. Removal of artifacts are strictly forbidden.</p><br>
<p>On January 11, 2000, President Bill Clinton declared the area in which Indian Mesa is located the "Agua Fria National Monument" under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management.</p><br>
<p>As such the area, including the artifacts located on the site, are protected under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The act is a bill (16 USC 431–433) passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906 which strictly forbids the removal of artifacts from Indian Mesa.</p><br>
<p>According to the law "Any person who shall appropriate, excavate, injure, or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of antiquity, situated on lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States, without the permission of the Secretary of the Department of the Government having jurisdiction over the lands on which said antiquities are situated, shall, upon conviction, be fined or be imprisoned for a period of not more than ninety days, or shall suffer both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court."</p><br>
<p>The following pictures are of the thousand year old Hohokam Puebloans village on top of Indian Mesa.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>"Lake Pleasant (Images of America)", Author: Geratd Giordano; Arcadia Publishing;.</p><br>
<p>Gate Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Ireland Street in West Chesterfield, Massachusetts. It is located just under one mile  south of the center of West Chesterfield, the junction of Main Road and Ireland Street. The 1/3 acre cemetery is on a plateau of land on the east side of Ireland Street, flanked to the east by the Westfield River and to the west by a steep hillside. It takes its name from a toll gate that was erected nearby when the area was settled in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The date of the cemetery&#39;s establishment is uncertain, but may be related to a deed transfer of land in the area to the town in 1794. The oldest grave marker, that of Joseph Gere, dates to 1808, while the latest (one of only three dated after 1959) is dated 1997. There are 121 full markers and 26 fragments, and there may be unmarked gravesites. The markers are laid out in 13 rows in the roughly rectangular plot. Most of the markers are marble, although there are number that are granite or slate. Five of the markers are obelisks; none of them exhibit any particular artistic sophistication. The plot is demarcated by fieldstone walls about four feet high; the entrance is marked by two granite posts, into which pockets are carved that hold wooden rails that must be removed to gain access to the grounds. None of the gravesites is fenced off, and there are no circulating paths or roadways on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery, along with the nearby Ireland Street Cemetery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Ireland Street Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Ireland Street in West Chesterfield, Massachusetts. The cemetery contains 185 stones, dating from 1772 to 1996, most of which date to the 18th and 19th centuries. It is one of the town&#39;s oldest cemeteries, and contains the work of three significant funerary carvers of the late 18th and 19th centuries. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ireland Street Cemetery is in southwestern Chesterfield, on a rise above the Westfield River which flows north-south to the east of Ireland Street, the town&#39;s major north-south route on its west side, and one of its oldest roadways. The approximately 1 acre plot lies on the west side of Ireland Street, surrounded by fields and orchards. The plot is demarcated by stone walls, the eastern one also acting as a retaining wall, because the plot is raised above the road. This wall is made of random fieldstones topped by several courses of flat stones and capped by a course of quarried granite. These are topped by urn-shaped fenceposts connected by a single iron rail. The entrance is in the center of the wall. Burials are arrayed in rows, oriented to face east.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was probably established sometime in the early 1770s, after the first white settlers arrived in the area in the 1760s. It is probably the towns second cemetery, after the Center Cemetery (1764), although documentary evidence is lacking. The oldest stone, dating 1772, was for Mrs. Mary Sylvester. It is possible that it was established first as a Sylvester family cemetery, as it was located on land belonging to that family. Many of the early burials were of people with Irish ancestry, who were involved in the founding of the town. Most of the burials in the cemetery took place before 1820, the height of Chesterfields population, which declined until c. 1970.</p><br>
<p>The oldest stones in the cemetery have been positively identified as the works of two well-known itinerant funerary carvers, Joseph and Elijah Sikes, a father and son who were active in the region through about 1820. Elijah Sikes was born c. 1772, indicating that the earliest stones were likely the work of his father. Stones carved in the mid-19th century, after Elijah&#39;s departure from the region, bear stylistically resemblance to his work, indicating that subsequent carvers, including Elijah Phelps, were influenced by his work. Several stones have been attributed in groups to other unnamed carvers.</p><br>
<p>The D.C. Booth Historic National Fish Hatchery and Archives, also known as the Spearfish Fisheries Center or Spearfish Fisheries Complex and formerly known as the Spearfish National Fish Hatchery, is one of 70 fish hatcheries that were opened by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the National Fish Hatchery System. The hatchery was established near Spearfish, South Dakota in 1896, with the purpose of introducing and establishing populations of trout in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. It is one of the oldest fish hatcheries in the United States The hatchery doubles as a fisheries archive with the purpose of preserving records and early historical artifacts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The Von Bayer Museum of Fish Culture is located inside the original 1899 hatchery building, as well as the 10,000 ft&sup2; Collection Management Facility, which was built in 1989. The museum houses over 185,000 artifacts of fish culture, making it the largest collection of such items in the United States. Only a few of the artifacts are on display; the rest are kept in a 5,000 ft&sup2; storage room.</p><br>
<p>The Neo-Colonial Revival Booth House was built by D.C. Booth in 1905 as a home for himself and his family. The wooden house was built on a rusticated sandstone foundation. The house has been preserved, and tours are offered to visitors.</p><br>
<p>Fish Car No. 3 is a restored railcar that was used before the invention of refrigerated tanker trucks. For about 66 years, it was one of the ten railcars used to haul trout throughout the Black Hills. The nearby ice house is a replica of the 1899 original. Once used to store blocks of ice for transporting fish and their eggs, it currently serves as the Fish Culture Hall of Fame to honor pioneers and innovators in the field of aquaculture.</p><br>
<p>The Yellowstone Boat, or USA Fisheries Boat #39, was used by fish hatchery workers on expeditions to Yellowstone National Park to collect trout eggs. The operation began in 1901 and ended in 1911. The boat was restored and is on display.</p><br>
<p>The Pond Gift Shop and information center is located in a restored turn-of-the-century hatchery building. The main fish viewing area includes feeding machines that visitors can operate. There is also an underwater viewing area beside the main fish area.</p><br>
<p>Two hiking trails run along the borders of the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This particular center was funded by a bill passed through Congress to create a Black Hills fish hatchery. Hector Von Bayer was sent by the United States Fish Commission to find a suitable site; Von Bayer reported back that he thought Ames Canyon, south of Spearfish, would be the best spot for the hatchery. That location was then occupied by a sawmill operated by John Johnson, but Johnson agreed to sell the land and left the area to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush. The building of the hatchery was supervised by H. A. Bush and was done mainly by John Russell. Construction was delayed by a harsh winter in 1898-1899, but the hatchery was completed by July 1899. The center opened as the Spearfish National Fish Hatchery in 1896 and was under the scope of the newly founded National Fish Hatchery System. The complex included 17 ponds and a main hatchery building; these facilities used spring water.</p><br>
<p>In late July 1899, 100,000 blackspotted trout eggs arrived to begin populating the hatchery. Dewitt Clinton Booth, the first superintendent and a New York native, traveled to the new hatchery from the Leadville National Fish Hatchery in Colorado. A few days after the eggs arrived, the area was hit by a flash flood, and all of the eggs were washed away and destroyed. Booth later added two storm channels to prevent further flooding. Booth and his employees cleaned up the grounds and finished the hatchery building. At completion, the building was able to hold a maximum of 2.5 million eggs among 48 troughs. Booth described the winter conditions at the hatchery as being "very favorable for incubation."</p><br>
<p>The hatchery closed in 1983 after budget cuts forced the closure of the site. The hatchery, still managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, still allowed visitors but could not continue operations. The hatchery reopened in 1989 as the D.C. Booth Historic National Fish Hatchery, in honor of Booth,</p><br>
<p>In August 2013, it was announced that the hatchery would shut down on October 1, 2013, after the USA Fish and Wildlife Service issued a nationwide hatchery shutdown due to priority being given to other programs and insufficient funding. The announcement was met with opposition by USA Senator Tim Johnson and USA Representative Kristi Noem, both from South Dakota; as well as Spearfish Mayor Dana Boke.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and economic impact</h2><br>
<p>According to a 2007 study by Black Hills State University, the hatchery&#39;s operations generate $2.1 million in revenue for local businesses annually. Approximately $1 million is spent in Spearfish by nonresidents who visited the town because of the hatchery.</p><br>
<p>Commodore Theatre is a historic movie theater located at Portsmouth, Virginia. It was built in 1945, and is an Art Deco style, 1,000-seat theater building. The two-story front facade features a plain mass of yellow pressed brick decorated with horizontal stripes of brown brick on the upper level with a central pavilion of curved-top vertical pylons of Indiana limestone and decorative strips of glass block. The lower level of the facade is composed of Indiana limestone ashlar veneer with a base of black marble. A dominant element of the auditorium is the pair of restored murals on the side walls representing the progress of America and the commerce and industry of Hampton Roads.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is located in the Downtown Portsmouth Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The William Treadwell House, also known as the Bruce Coleman House, is a private house located at 446 North Meridian Road in Hudson, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Treadwell grew up in Hudson, and began his career as a dry goods clerk. He later began working in the People&#39;s State Bank in Hudson to learn the business, However, in early 1864, William Treadwell concocted a scheme to embezzle money from the bank, and on January 20,</p><br>
<p>The William Treadwell House is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The William Treadwell House is a two-story brick Italian Villa structure on a cut stone foundation. Two bays balance the main mass of the house, and it is surmounted by a gable roof. External architectural embellishments include elaborate brackets, wrought iron railings, rounded arch windows and doorways, and a two-tiered, square tower. Although the interior has been extensively altered, the exterior remains original.</p><br>
<p>Pan de Azucar  is a populated island in the Visayan Sea in the Philippines. The island is known for Mount Pan de Azucar  a steep volcanic cone and a prominent landmark at the northern entrance of Guimaras Strait.</p><br>
<p>Pan de Azucar is under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Concepcion, Iloilo on Panay Island, one of the largest and major islands of the Philippines. Pan de Azucar is the largest of 16 outlying islands of the town and makes up nearly 19 percent of Concepcion&#39;s total land area. According to the 2010 census, the island has a population of 2,999.</p><br>
<p>The island possibly contains valuable mineral deposits and is being studied for mineral extraction, which could possibly destroy the natural beauty of the island and mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Pan de Azucar (Spanish for "Sugarloaf") is one of the mountains and hills worldwide named "Sugarloaf" because of its tall conical shape resembling an old sugarloaf of the 19th century, not because of its resemblance to Sugarloaf Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as falsely reported on some local websites.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is located 2.5 mi east of Panay Island and 8 mi northeast of Concepcion town proper. Nearby islands include Sombrero Island, Naburut Island, Magaisi Island, and Bocot Islet.</p><br>
<p>At 574 m, the steep-sided Mt. Pan de Azucar (also called Mt. Manaphag) is the most prominent feature and distinguishable landmark of the island. The lofty cone is one of the inactive volcanoes in the country. The island is ringed by beaches, such as Lumpatan Beach in Bagotao, Brgy. Macatunao which are golden-yellow to white in color.</p><br>
<p>The Pan de Azucar Seascape is an area of 2,480.1478 square meters that includes both land and sea water areas around the island. Local governmental officials recognize the seascape as a protected sanctuary, although the Philippine government has yet to declare the seascape as an official protected area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>In the 1600s, a battle took place near Pan de Azucar between Filipino and Spanish forces. Captain Juan Salagao, who was mayor of Sugbú at the time, defeated Spanish forces who had come up from Mindanao, intent on burning down Arevalo and Octóng.</p><br>
<h3>Mining</h3><br>
<p>It has been speculated that Pan de Azucar contains possible mining deposits of gold, silver, copper, and zinc. Mindoro Resources, Ltd. began initial drilling exploration in 2012 and received initial positive results.</p><br>
<h3>Typhoon Haiyan</h3><br>
<p>Typhoon Haiyan passed directly over Pan de Azucar in 2013, damaging houses, food stores, and fishing boats. The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) delivered relief goods to the island soon after it passed. The typhoon did not do much to disrupt mining operations on Pan de Azucar.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Pan de Azucar is accessible from Concepcion by boat. There is one public boat trip per day; trips outside the official schedule are arranged with private boat owners.</p><br>
<p>Ytre Sula  is an island in the municipality of Solund in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The island lies along the Sognesjøen, just west of the mouth of the large Sognefjorden. The 34.7 km&sup2; island is part of a large island group. It is the westernmost of the three main islands in Solund. The island of Steinsundøyna lies just east of Ytre Sula. There are no road connections to the rest of Norway. To get to the mainland, one must take a ferry connection from Ytre Sula to the smaller island of Rånøyna, cross that island and cross a small bridge to Steinsundøyna, take a bridge from Steinsundøyna to Sula, and then another ferry from Sula to Rutledal in Gulen municipality on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, there were about 240 residents on the island. Fishing is an important industry on the island, as is fish farming. Husøy Church is located on the west side of the island in the village of Kolgrov. Another main population centre on the island is the village of Hjønnevåg.</p><br>
<p>Steinsundøyna is an island in the municipality of Solund in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 18.7 km&sup2; sits on the north side of the Sognesjøen, at the mouth of the large Sognefjorden. The rocky island is virtually treeless . In 2001, there were only about 55 residents on the island. There is a road that crosses the island, connecting the islands of Ytre Sula  and Sula . The largest population centre on Steinsundøyna is the village of Steinsund on the eastern coast of the island, just across the strait from the village of Hardbakke on the island of Sula.</p><br>
<p>The sound between Steinsundøyna and the western neighbour island, Rånøyna, is called Steinsund. Despite being less than 60 m wide at the narrowest passage, it is shippable. For instance Hurtigruten ships pass that sound on their way from and to Bergen.</p><br>
<p>Nantclwyd y Dre  is a Grade 1 listed house in Ruthin, Denbighshire. It is Wales&#39;s oldest dated timbered town house, and is owned by the County and open to the public as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carbon dating of the timbers of the house have shown that the core structure was started in 1435/1436.</p><br>
<p>In the 15th century Ruthin was a regional centre for weaving, and the land on which the house now stands then belonged to Welsh weaver Goronwy ap Madog and his English wife Suzanna. Lying just 100 m north of the entrance to Ruthin Castle and with a street frontage, the scale and location of the site shows both the importance and wealth of the owner. The earliest part of the structure shows it to be part of a 15th-century cruck framed hall house which occupied the southern part of the present street-frontage, built using timber felled in the winter of 1434-5. The position of the structure as well as the width of the inner garden to the rear, suggest that the site was originally two burgage plots which dated from when the town was laid out in the 13th century, but were then combined to allow construction of the hall house.</p><br>
<p>Following Jacobean era enlargement, the major late Stuart period addition includes the distinctive pillared porch. The name Nantclwyd y Dre was probably bestowed on the property in the 1720s. During the Georgian era, the local Wynne family restored the property to habitable status. It was then converted into a girls school in the Victorian era, and from 1834 it also became the local lodge for visiting judges.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, existing tenant and retired civil engineer Clinton Holme bought the house, and in 1928 he removed the exterior render to expose the timber frames. He sold the property to Samuel Dyer Gough who continued the restoration, and made it into the local hub for the Arts and Crafts movement.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1984 Dyer Goughs widow sold the house and its gardens to Clwyd County Council. From the mid-2000s, successor administration Denbighshire County Council started work on preserving the property. Converted into a living history museum, it displays demonstrate the changing fashions and the lives of the houses residents under the theme of the "Seven ages of Nantclwyd y Dre":</p><br>
<p>1942 hall</p><br>
<p>1916 rector’s study</p><br>
<p>1891 schoolroom</p><br>
<p>Georgian panelled bedroom suite with Chinese-wallpaper</p><br>
<p>1690 "cabinet" of Stuart owner Eubule Thelwall (c. 1622 - 1695), with its "Kidderminster stuff" hangings and plaster ceiling</p><br>
<p>Jacobean bedchamber with hung bed, painted cloths, and "stool of ease" in its closet</p><br>
<p>15th century "business room", its 1435 structure virtually unchanged, showing the preserved documentation of a mediaeval resident&#39; pilgrimage to Rome, founded during restoration within the buildings infrastructure</p><br>
<p>Opened to the public on 23 June 2007, visitors can also observe a colony of Lesser horseshoe bats in the attic rooms via a "bat cam".</p><br>
<h2>Lord's garden</h2><br>
<p>Behind the house are two gardens, the inner garden and the outer Lord&#39;s Garden. The inner 13th century garden occupies the area to the rear of the house, and is bounded by a substantial masonry wall.</p><br>
<p>The outer Lord&#39;s Garden is originally believed to have been part of a 13th-century developed castle garden.</p><br>
<p>Restored in the 18th century, Lords Garden is now itself Grade II listed. However, at present there is no public access, and the garden lies in a semi-neglected state. In December 2013, the council successfully applied for a grant of £177,600 from the Heritage Lottery Fund, which will see Lords Garden restored and opened to the public by 2015.</p><br>
<p>The borders along either side of the garden now contain carefully selected plants representative of a 17th-century garden including crown imperials, old rose varieties and lilies.</p><br>
<h2>Examples of content</h2><br>
<h3>The Porch on Stilts</h3><br>
<p>The distinctive porch on stilts with chamber above was added to the original mediaeval street frontage in about 1693 by Eubule Thelwall, as was shown by tree ring dating of four samples. There is a fine surviving monument to Thelwall in Llanelidan Church. At the same time he built Nantclwyd Hall; the land was acquired through his marriage to the Parry heiress.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological finds</h3><br>
<p>This cabinet contains finds of interest from the Lord’s Garden. The Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust had an exploratory excavation in the Lord’s Garden in late winter 2013 and here is a sample of the type of items found.</p><br>
<h3>Samuel Dyer Gough’s Chair</h3><br>
<p>A unique handmade multifunctional recliner chair made by Mr. S. Dyer Gough who lived at Nantclwyd y Dre between 1926 and 1984, with his wife Jean and family. He was an architect, craftsman and historian and they made a big impact on Nantclwyd y Dre during the 50 years of their ownership. They were the last family that lived in the house.</p><br>
<h3>Staffordshire Figures</h3><br>
<p>A collection of traditional Staffordshire figures and willow pattern china as found in the house during the Dyer Goughs period.</p><br>
<h3>Bottle jacks</h3><br>
<p>An important kitchen innovation of the time. A clockwork device that enabled meat to be turned and roasted in front of the fire.</p><br>
<h3>Four carved panels flanking the fireplace</h3><br>
<p>These four high-quality carved oak panels have been dated, and while the trees were felled soon after 1423, their carving style suggests a later date of 15-16th century. Despite the fleur de lys motifs on the shields in the panels, the timber is likely of Welsh origin (most probably from nearby Coed Marchan wood), and unlikely to be continental. The carvings most likely honoured Arthur (1486–1502), eldest son of Henry VII.</p><br>
<h3>The Arms of Ednyfed Fychan</h3><br>
<p>Attributed arms of Ednyfed Fychan (an ancestor of Owen Tudor), used and quartered by Wynne of Coed Coch and of Plas Uchaf. Description: "Gules a chevron ermine between three men&#39;s heads in profile erased proper." The ermine can also be seen on the national flag of Brittany. Ednyfed is said to have first come to notice in battle, fighting against the army of Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester, who attacked Llywelyn at the behest of King John of England. Ednyfed cut off the heads of three English lords in battle and carried them, still bloody, to Llywelyn, who commanded him to change his family coat of arms to display three heads in memory of the feat.</p><br>
<h3>Wattle and Daub Panel</h3><br>
<p>An example of the mediaeval horizontal hazel-wattle between the oak beams. They were sprung into groves cut into the frame and interwoven round upright oak spars also sprung into the frame. This exposed piece dates to c. 1435.</p><br>
<h3>Ericsson 1905 Magneto Telephone</h3><br>
<p>Nantclwyd House was the first house on Castle Street to have a telephone installed. The Rev. Thomas Pritchard lived here from 1907 to 1917 – he was the Rector of Llanfwrog Church. The wooden case held two batteries that worked the microphone. By turning the handle of the Magneto a bell would ring in the exchange and the person would tell the operator which number they wanted to be connected to. Electricity arrived at Nantclwyd at around 1914, provided by the Ruthin Electricity Supply Company.</p><br>
<h3>A Victorian Teacher’s Desk</h3><br>
<p>Between 1886 and 1893 Nantclwyd y Dre was run as Miss Charlotte Price’s school for young ladies – daughters of the more prosperous tradespeople of Ruthin. The room is set as if they were to have a needlework lesson, showing typical needlework skills the girls would be learning, before they moved on to Ruthin County School at the age of 11 (now Ysgol Brynhyfryd).</p><br>
<h3>Changing room in the Georgian Bedchamber</h3><br>
<p>This room was used as a changing room alongside the grandest bedchamber which was created during the Georgian updating by the Wynne family around 1734. The wallpaper reflects the craze for Chinese influence patterns around this time and is a hand-blocked reproduction of an English wallpaper design c.1750-1760. The occupants would have used chamber pots, stored in pot-cupboards, as seen here.</p><br>
<h3>Stool of ease or commode</h3><br>
<p>A 17th century toilet consisting of a chamber pot set inside a lidded seat. It is found in the ensuite of the Jacobean bedchamber. This is a copy of a 17th-century original now displayed at Plas Mawr, Conwy. Such stools of ease - which are basically a lidded box containing a chamber pot - became popular in Elizabethan times as they were much more convenient than a trip to an outside privy.</p><br>
<h3>Table in the Jacobean Room</h3><br>
<p>The table is set for dinner with its lovely pewter tableware and napery, real status symbols for the Parry family who added this room and the little ensuite next to it in about 1620. Tableware includes: pewter candlesticks, plates and porringers, a pewter ewer (or jug) and a basin for hand-washing before and after meals, a pair of facon de Venise drinking glasses, Bellarmines salt glazed stoneware flagons and Rhineland imported drinking jugs.</p><br>
<h3>Eubule Thelwall’s Study</h3><br>
<p>This ornate plaster work ceiling was installed when this room was added to Nantclwyd y Dre’s original street frontage in c.1663 by Eubule Thelwall. The plasterwork motifs include mulberries and pears. This type of plasterwork was very popular in 1660-70s. Eubule Thelwall was a keen gardener. To the right of the doorway is the remains of what was at one time the outside wall of the old house.</p><br>
<h3>Mediaeval Chamber</h3><br>
<p>This room is part of the original mediaeval hallhouse – lovely simple hardwearing furniture with a typical scribe’s desk. Typical mediaeval waxed canvas window coverings called fenestrals were used to keep out as much of the weather as they could. The rushlights didn’t give out much light!</p><br>
<h3>The gazebo</h3><br>
<p>The Grade II listed building at the end of the walled garden of Nantclwyd y Dre dates to the early 18th Century and only appears on prints after 1715. The upper floor of the building was used as a study room by the three daughters of the Dyer-Gough family when they were growing up here in the 1940s. It still offers beautiful views out over the Vale of Clwyd on a clear day. The ground floor room is now made out as a potting shed complete with gardening books and early 20th Century tools.</p><br>
<h3>Ostrich plumes</h3><br>
<p>White ostrich plumes top each corner of the four poster bed (called French bed at that time) in the Jacobean chamber. These would have been the height of fashion in the early 17th century and would have adorned the bed to show the high status of its wealthy owner, Simon Parry. This corded bed has three mattresses, a sign of high status as well as comfort. The bed is equipped with bedstaffs, which prevented piled bedclothes from falling off the bed.</p><br>
<h3>The Hall Gallery</h3><br>
<p>One of the most striking features of the house is the gallery which runs along two sides of the hall. The wood of the gallery has been dated to around the late 17th century and it is thought that the heraldic panels set into it, were added at a later date, most likely by the Wynne family. The main balustrades indicate a date of c. 1680-90, but the stairs balustrades could be somewhat later, possibly c. 1730. Mrs Jean Dyer Gogh informed RCAHM that the gallery had been taken from St Saeran at Llanynys which was re-ordered c. 1768 and a second theory is that it was taken from Llanelidan Church, but to date there is no evidence of either. A 2002 report by Richard Morriss, however, suggests that the gallery was made for nantclwyd y Dre, rather than imported which dates the gallery to Eubule Thelwall&#39;s alterations c. 1662-95. The heraldic panels he dates at late 18th century.</p><br>
<h3>Georgian dressing table</h3><br>
<p>This is an original piece of Georgian furniture (c. 1720) and would have been an essential item in any Georgian lady’s bedchamber. The name at the time would have been a chest on a stand. This room was created in 1773 and the panelling is original to the house.</p><br>
<h3>Attic Doorway</h3><br>
<p>This doorway leads to the attics which were the servants’ quarters during the Georgian period. However, the door is now kept locked and the attics undisturbed because it is now a bat roost. There are 3 species of bats living in the attics at Nantclwyd y Dre – pipistrelle, long eared and lesser horseshoe bats. The lesser horseshoes are the rarest and their colony size is estimated at around 60 individuals.</p><br>
<h3>Inscription behind parlour panelling</h3><br>
<p>During the house restoration, an inscription was uncovered behind the wooden pearwood panelling in the parlour. Written in pencil it reads “John Edwards joiner Holywell 15th of May 1926”. This implies that the old panelling was introduced to the house as late as 1926.</p><br>
<h3>Inkwell</h3><br>
<p>Pewter handmade inkwell that also serves as a calendar as it has rotating rings around the base to adjust the day, date and month. Possibly Italian.</p><br>
<p>Nantclwyd Hall - geograph.org.uk - 131652.jpgThe main house: Nantclwyd Hall, Llanelidan</p><br>
<p>Llanelidan ger Corwen a Rhuthun Sir Ddinbych 17.JPGA memorial to Jane, Eubule Thelwall&#39;s daughter at Llanelidan church.</p><br>
<p>Gabriel Goodman - geograph.org.uk - 569829.jpgA memorial to Gabriel Goodman, born at Nantclwyd in 1528.</p><br>
<p>Fitzgerald Station and Farmstead is a collection of historic buildings and structures in Springdale, Arkansas associated with the Butterfield Overland Mail Trail. Historically the site of a tavern popular with travelers heading west prior to the establishment of the Butterfield Trail, the property became a station along the route in the 1850s. Today, the property retains an original 1850s barn built as a waypoint along the route, as well as a 1870s house and associated outbuildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Eponym and early history</h2><br>
<p>John Fitzgerald Sr. and his wife, Mary, relocated to Washington County, Arkansas from Alabama circa 1830. In 1834, the Fitzgerald&#39;s son, James, was the only property owner listed in a government survey of the area. As part of the land received according to the Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty of 1830, the property of the station and farmstead was officially signed to Fitzgerald in September 1846 by President James K. Polk. An inn and tavern were established and maintained on the site, and it became popular along the route.</p><br>
<p>The site witnessed 8,000 Cherokee travelling along the Northern Route during 1838-39 as part of the Trail of Tears. Fitzgerald was mentioned in the journals of both B.B. Cannon and Dr. William Isaac Irvins Morrow, two members of a military escort taking a small group of Cherokee who were willingly relocating per the Treaty of New Echota.</p><br>
<h2>Butterfield Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Butterfield Overland Mail route was a stagecoach route chosen to be snow-free unlike the more northern but shorter routes in place at the time. It ran from St. Louis, Missouri to San Francisco, California beginning in 1858. This segment overlapped a historic road known as the "State Road" in Arkansas, itself a formerly well-traveled Native American removal route from Springfield, Missouri to Fayetteville in the 1830s. Fitzgerald Station served along the route between Mudtown, Cross Hollows, and Callahan&#39;s Tavern to the north and Fayetteville to the south. Fitzgerald Station likely benefited from its reputation among travelers prior to the establishment of the Butterfield Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Today, the road running in front of Fitzgerald Station is called Old Wire Road, paying homage to the telegraph lines that eventually supplanted the horse-powered mail delivery of the Butterfield Trail. Highway 265 runs along Old Wire Road near the property, and roughly follows the original stage route of the 1850s. The trail has been recognized as a segment of the Butterfield Trail and the Trail of Tears (Northern Route) within the Arkansas Heritage Trails Network, as well as the Trail of Tears within the National Historic Trail System. The University of Arkansas and Arkansas Archaeological Survey conducted a remote sensing survey using magnetic gradiometry and electric resistivity in an attempt to locate the historic tavern, log cabin house, or original wagon path through the property. The group believed that the log cabin and tavern were located where the 1870s house was constructed, and the results were inconclusive for the original location of the aforementioned. An excavation commenced in February 2005, in which it was determined that the soil cut to form the house&#39;s basement was spread throughout the site. A midden strata was encountered, as well as several fragments of broken whiteware, consistent with a tavern.</p><br>
<p>The Franks Site is a large archaeological site in the northeastern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located atop bluffs overlooking the Vermilion River in northwestern Lorain County, it lies in the city of Vermilion close to the river&#39;s mouth in Lake Erie. The site was once inhabited by people of the Erie tribe before their destruction, and archaeological investigations have yielded enough information to make it exceptionally valuable for learning about its erstwhile inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Franks Site lies midway between Mill Hollow, where the river makes a very sharp bend, and central Vermilion; it sits by the edge of a bluff overlooking a smaller yet still significant river bend.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Raymond C. Vietzen led an excavation of the Franks Site in 1941, finding skeletons and artifacts such as pottery. The burials were of divers forms: Vietzen reported the presence both of extended and flexed burials, for some bodies had been placed lengthwise, while others&#39; legs had been drawn up to the chest in a crouching position. The possibility of the two representing two different phases was considered, but this was easily disproven as many parts of the cemetery included skeletons of both sorts that had plainly been buried at the same time. Many adult female skeletons were buried together with exceptionally tiny infant skeletons, suggesting that many women died in childbirth and that it was customary to bury mother and child together.</p><br>
<p>Pottery from the site bears many similarities to pottery from other Erie sites. Common features on Franks pottery include lines incised and impressed with antlers, narrow lines incised with smaller tools, and rounded and thumbnail-shaped depressions. The pottery rims were particularly important for decorations; many of the rims were expanded in order to give them collared appearances, as well as serving to reinforce their strength and to facilitate handling. Many of the decorated rims were crimped with impressions of bits of wood or bone, while others bore notches or scalloped impressions. Animal bones were common throughout, with numerous fish skeletons from species such as the sheepshead and the garfish, and excavations also revealed numerous features such as postmolds and rubbish pits. The sheer size of the site and apparent number of inhabitants prompted Vietzen to declare that it "may truly be called an Erie City as it is far too vast to be simply classed as a village". He dated some of the artifacts at the site to circa AD 1650, just a few years before the date in which The Jesuit Relations notes the destruction of the Eries by Iroquois warriors.</p><br>
<h2>Moes Site</h2><br>
<p>Just south of the Franks Site is a smaller site, the Moes Site, which appears to be closely related to the Franks Site. Like Franks, Moes included a cemetery, although its smaller size meant that only ten burials (most of them infants) were found during Vietzen&#39;s excavation; hundreds of potsherds, identical to those of Franks, proved much more valuable. Located at the very edge of a river bluff, the site was named for landowner Isaac Moes; Vietzen reported that the site also included a burial mound from which Moes and his family had excavated many skeletons and artifacts, including a fine birdstone.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>After excavating the Franks Site, Vietzen published multiple books in which the Franks Site was extensively covered, and he established a museum in Amherst in which some of the site&#39;s artifacts were displayed. The site itself has experienced the influence of historic preservation: it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in late 1975 under the name of "Morris-Franks Site", qualifying because of its archaeological significance. It was the first of four Lorain County archaeological sites to be added to the Register, along with the Burrell Fort, the Burrell Orchard Site, and the Eiden Prehistoric District.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Clay Moss House is a historic house located at 414 N. Main St. in Paris, Illinois. The Italianate house was built in 1876 for local businessman Henry Clay Moss. The home features a wraparound porch supported by columns, a hipped roof with a bracketed cornice, and a projecting hexagonal bay on its west side. The interior of the home includes home office space and features decorative wooden door and window surrounds and trim as well as a cantilevered flight of stairs. Moss lost the house in 1877, and it passed through a succession of owners until livestock breeder Daniel Arthur bought the home in 1895; the home remained in the Arthur family until 1976.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 16, 2008. The Edgar County Historical Society currently operates a museum in the home.</p><br>
<p>The Shaw-Van Gilder House is a historic house located at 306 E. Crawford St. in Paris, Illinois. Elvis Perry Shaw, a local businessman and mercantile clerk, built the house in 1853. The house is an example of an I-house, a vernacular style named for its popularity in the three Midwestern states beginning with "I". Characteristic features of the I-house which can be seen in the Shaw-Van Gilder House include the five symmetrical bays on its front and its central interior corridor. The houses design was also influenced by the Greek Revival and Italianate styles; the former style can be seen in the homes front entrance, windows, and roof, while the latter can be seen in its bracketed porch. Shaw and his family lived in the house until 1941, when Shaw&#39;s descendants sold the property to the Van Gilder family.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Northampton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, formerly the Northampton Veterans Administration Hospital, is a facility of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs  at 421 Main Street in the Leeds section of northern Northampton, Massachusetts. Its campus once consisted of about 286 acre of land, which had by 2012 been reduced to 105 acre. The hospital was opened in 1924 to treat neuropsychiatric patients, but now provides a wider array of medical services.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the remaining 105 acre campus was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Services offered</h2><br>
<p>The Northampton VA provides a wide array of services to veterans living in Western Massachusetts. These include medical and psychiatric care, substance abuse counseling and treatment, treatment for PTSD, and nursing home care for elderly veterans. Active facilities at the center include 85 beds for behavior care, 44 for nursing care, and 16 for substance abuse. The center also coordinates care with VA outpatient facilities across the region.</p><br>
<p>Old Brook Pumping Station, was a water pumping station operating in Chatham, Kent from 1929 until 1980. It now survives as a working museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 16th century, due to an earth dam (between Rochester and Chatham Dockyard), called the Land wall. The Old River Bourne and its surrounding marshlands were cut off from the River Medway.</p><br>
<p>Between 1575-1610, a tide mill was built on the Brook (the renamed Old River Bourne),close to the River Medway.</p><br>
<p>By 1765, the town of Chatham had increased dramatically and the Brook was now covered by a road. The former marshland was used as area for low-class housing and alleyways. During 1821 and 1823, No.18 The Brook was lived in by Charles Dickens (aged 9).</p><br>
<p>The old river had been changed into culverts, which with cesspits were used to dispose of waste.</p><br>
<p>In 1801, the population of Chatham was 10,505, then by 1901 it had grown to 36,944. Also within the River Medway, fish stocks and oyster beds were also failing, according to court leet papers.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, Edward Gotto was employed to carry out the national General Board of Health Survey for the General Board of Health (under the Public Health Act 1848). The survey highlighted the diseases and poor sanitation in the town. This then prompted work to improve the drainage and sewerage of the</p><br>
<p>town. Including brick built sewers and covered culverts.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, a tramway line was running along the course of the old Brook River.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the Rochester and Chatham Joint Sewerage board was formed and given a seal from the Minister of Heath.</p><br>
<p>The Rochester and Chatham Joint Main Drainage scheme was then developed at a cost (in total) of £650,000. The drainage scheme was officially opened on 4 December 1928.</p><br>
<p>This included a main sewer pipe running under New Road (in Chatham), up to Gillingham and onwards to Motney Hill on the Rainham Marshes (now within the Riverside Country Park).</p><br>
<p>The function of the Old Brook Pumping Station was to lift foul water from the lowest part of Chatham to the main sewer. It was opened in September 1929.</p><br>
<p>The function of the pumping station was taken over in 1979 by a new, fully automatic station (using electric pumps) on the opposite side of the Brook. Which is still in existence. The old Pumping Station is now listed as an ancient monument.(Monument number ME321). It is protected under part 1 of the</p><br>
<p>Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. It is also classified as a Zone 1 Urban Archaeological Zone under the Medway Council planning zones.</p><br>
<p>After being disconnected in 1979, it was sold by the Southern Water Authority to Medway Council for £1. It is now a sister project of the Rochester Guildhall Museum.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the Medway Industrial Archaeology Group carried out restoration and improvement work on the station and then started opening to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The storage tank beneath the station hall has a foundation about 28 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>During times of extreme flooding, surface water and effluent would be pumped via the Storm tower and storm water culvert directly into the River Medway. The waste discharged into the river would be greatly diluted under these conditions.</p><br>
<p>The pumping station houses two 14 inch Campbell single cylinder diesel engines which used to drive the pumps during storms and flooding.</p><br>
<p>One electric motor driven Blackstone 6 inch Unchokeable Pump capable of 50,000 gallons per hour and a duplicate backup machine. This was used for normal dry weather flow. One electric motor driven Blackstone 8 inch Unchokeable Pump capable of 100,000 gallons per hour and another duplicate backup machine. This was used for storm water flow. For storms slightly over the six time dry water flow, the second 8 inch pump would automatically cut in to discharge, via the Storm tower, into the 5 by 3 1/2 foot culvert into the River Medway. There is a maximum lift into the storm tower of 20 feet. Storm water in excess of these flows were handled by the 2, belt driven Blackstone 14 inch Unchokeable Pumps delivering 250,000 gallons per hour. There are two of these pumps driven by 56 hp Campbell oil (diesel) engines.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The Old Brook Pumping Station is managed and maintained by the Medway Industrial Archaeology Group with the support of Medway Council.</p><br>
<p>On the site is an old Victorian printing press on which the Rochester Gazette was printed, and a number of model windmills. An old Aveling and Porter road roller built by the famous Strood factory stands in the grounds.</p><br>
<p>It is open on:</p><br>
<p>June to September: Saturdays, 11am-3pm</p><br>
<p>October to May: first Saturday of the month, 11am-3pm</p><br>
<p>Entry is free-of charge.</p><br>
<p>There are also steam and hot air engines to see</p><br>
<p>The Brook pumping station is the official headquarters of MIAG (Medway Industrial Archaeology Group).</p><br>
<p>The Wiggins Depot was constructed in Wiggins, Mississippi in 1910 by the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad  to serve as a replacement for the company’s original depot that was destroyed by fire in January of the same year. In the later half of the 20th century, the depot was being used only for storage and had fallen into disrepair. In 1999, the depot was acquired by the City of Wiggins and was designated a Mississippi Landmark. During the first decade of the 21st century, the depot was relocated within the city and was renovated for use as office space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The G&SIRR was completed between Gulfport and Hattiesburg on January 1, 1897, and the town of Wiggins was the busiest population center along that route. In 1903, Finkbine Lumber Company opened a new sawmill in Wiggins, which required rail transportation for delivering logs to the mill and for shipping lumber to outside markets. The original G&SIRR depot in Wiggins was a two-story structure, but it was destroyed by fire on January 21, 1910.</p><br>
<p>The replacement G&SIRR depot was a one-story, wood-frame structure completed in 1910. It was located next to the railroad at 30&deg;51&prime;30&Prime;N latitude, 89&deg;08&prime;17&Prime;W longitude. Without loading docks, the depot measured 110 ft long and 25 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, G&SIRR became a subsidiary of Illinois Central Railroad and lost its independent identity in 1946. MidSouth Rail Corporation acquired the Illinois Central Railroad line from Gulfport to Hattiesburg in 1986, and Kansas City Southern Railway Company (KCS) purchased the line in 1994.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 20th century, the Wiggins depot had fallen into a state of disrepair and was being used only for storage and as periodic office space by railroad personnel. Out of 14 G&SIRR depots built, the Wiggins depot was the only one still standing between Gulfport and Hattiesburg. KCS agreed to donate the depot to the City of Wiggins with the stipulation that it be moved off railroad property. Mississippi Department of Archives and History designated the depot a Mississippi Landmark on April 6, 1999, and issued a permit to the City of Wiggins for relocation and restoration of the structure with the intent of housing community activities, tourism functions, and offices for economic development.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>On December 6, 2000, the depot was moved approximately 3 blocks to its new location on City property that was acquired in a land swap with Stone County. After the depot was designated a Mississippi Landmark, it qualified for a restoration grant under the Mississippi Department of Transportation Enhancement Program using federally allocated funds (80%) and local funding (20%). Restoration began approximately 18 months after the depot was secured at its new location.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 2005, restoration of the depot was completed under the direction of architect Kevin Fitzpatrick, and Stone County Economic Development Partnership (SCEDP) occupied the building in mid-August of that year.</p><br>
<h3>Tornado</h3><br>
<p>On the night of January 4, 2007, a tornado hit the depot and destroyed half the roof. The architectural firm of Williams & Associates in Biloxi, was selected to plan the restoration. The tornado damage was repaired using funds obtained through an insurance settlement, and SCEDP moved back into the depot in June 2009.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017, the Wiggins Depot still served as office space for Stone County Economic Development Partnership.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rochelle, of which the main body is oval-shaped, has a smaller oval-shaped cove on its east end. This lake has a surface area of 580 acre. The lake is located just north of Winter Haven, Florida, but is located entirely within the city limits of Lake Alfred, Florida, the main part of which is on the lakes northwest side. On that side US Highway 92 is just beyond the lakes shore. Most of the north and west sides of Lake Rochelle are bordered by woods. The east and south sides are bordered by residences and grassland.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rochelle has public access at on its northwest shore. The Lake Rochelle Park and Boat Ramp, maintained by the city of Lake Alfred, are there; the boat ramp is a part of the 1.8 acre park. The park has a shelter house covering a picnic table. On the west side of the lake, the Chain of Lakes Trail, a paved walking and bicycle trail, runs from Joyce B. Davis Park in downtown Winter Haven and stops at US Highway 92. This lake is one of the lakes in the north part of the Winter Haven Chain of Lakes. Boats may enter Lake Rochelle from two canals. One, no the north side, connects to Lake Haines. One on the south side connects to Lake Conine. A small canal on the northeast connects to Lake Echo, but this canal cannot be navigated by boat. There are no public swimming beaches on Lake Rochelle.</p><br>
<p>The Take Me Fishing website says Lake Rochelle contains largemouth bass and bluegill.</p><br>
<p>The Gratiot County Courthouse is a government building located at 214 East Center Street in Ithaca, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1957 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gratiot County was first laid out in 1831, but settlement did not begin until 1843, when a Lutheran mission was set up near the current location of St. Louis. The county government was organized in 1856, A two-story log cabin, built by local settler John Jeffrey that same year, was used as the first courthouse. The following year, "Gratiot Center" was renamed "Ithaca," as it remains today. An additional office building was constructed in 1861, and in 1870 the original courthouse was replaced with a 36 x frame structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, voters approved the construction of a stone courthouse. Plans were drawn by Jackson-based architect Claire Allen, and the cornerstone was laid in September 1900. However, work soon stopped as the contractor demanded more money, and lawsuits were initiated by the county and by the contractor&#39;s bondsmen. The issue was soon resolved, and construction resumed, this time by A. W. Mohnke of Grand Rapids. The final cost of construction was $75,000. A clock was added to the clock tower in 1905.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, a fire caused substantial damage to the second floor. In the 1990s, an additional "connector building" was constructed, and renovations were made to the 1902 courthouse. The courthouse is still used for county offices and court proceedings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gratiot County Courthouse is a 2-1/2-story Neoclassical structure covered in beige sandstone. The building measures 36 x. It sits on a half-basement and has a distinctive multi-stage clock tower topped with a belfry. The front entrance is surrounded by an unusual decorative arched and twisted column. The interior is anchored by a central rotunda, and is dominated by oak and marble.</p><br>
<p>The building is in relatively original condition, with few alterations.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Grove Cemetery is a historic public cemetery located at Portsmouth, Virginia. It was established by an act of the Virginia General Assembly in 1832. The cemetery contains more than 400 graves with monuments dating from the late 1700s to the present. Its memorial markers include small tablets, ledger</p><br>
<p>stones, obelisks, columnar monuments and mausoleums. They include notable examples of Greek Revival, Late Victorian, and Exotic Revival funerary art.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials and monuments</h2><br>
<p>James Chisholm (1815–1855) – Episcopal priest who died helping the community through an epidemic of yellow fever, leaving behind a historic draft memoir</p><br>
<p>James W. Cooke (1812–1869) – Naval officer in the USA Navy and the Confederate Navy, overseer of the construction of the ironclad ram CSS Albemarle</p><br>
<p>Archibald C. Godwin (1831–1864) – Brigadier general in the Confederate States Army who died at the Third Battle of Winchester (monument only, buried at Stonewall Cemetery in Winchester, Virginia)</p><br>
<p>William H. Murdaugh – Passed Midshipman, acting master and first officer of the First Grinnell Expedition to investigate the fate of the lost Franklin Polar Expedition</p><br>
<p>Charles Francis Nash (died 1942) – a Leading Aircraftman for the Royal Canadian Air Force in World War II (the only Commonwealth war grave at the site).</p><br>
<p>George Pickett (1825–1875) – Major general in the Confederate States Army who led the assault known as Pickett&#39;s Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg (later disinterred and reburied at the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia).</p><br>
<p>Grace Phillips Pollard (1873–1932) – wife of Virginia Governor John Garland Pollard</p><br>
<p>John L. Porter (1813–1893) – civilian employee of the USA Navy and the Confederate Navy, designer of the ironclad warship, the CSS Virginia</p><br>
<p>The Kinross Township Hall and School is a government and educational building located at 7305 West Kinross Road in Kinross Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1887, the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad laid a railway through this area of Michigan, connecting Minneapolis to Sault Ste. Marie. A handful of settlers established what is now the village of Kinross near this site, and in 1891 the railroad opened a station nearby. In 1899, coalescing around the village, Kinross Township was established from portions of surrounding townships. The school district serving the village (designated Kinross Township&#39;s School District No. 2) already had a school building, but in preparation for the construction of a new school, the lot on which this building originally stood was purchased by the district in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In April 1905, the Kinross Township Board and Board of Education of the Kinross Township School District met jointly and voted to erect a new building to house both a town hall and a school, with the school on the lower floor of the building and the town hall on the upper. Construction began later in 1905, and the building opened in September of that year as a school and meeting house. In the early 1930s, the construction of US 2 was planned through the original site of the school, necessitating a move. After some discussion, a new location was selected, and the building was moved to its present location in 1931.</p><br>
<p>The school originally had a single teacher, and served grades K-8. Over the next decade, the population of Kinross Township increased, and by 1915 there were seven school districts serving the township. However, economic downturns in the next few decades resulted in a substantial loss of population and a reduction in the number of districts, and by 1943, Kinross was the only public school left in the township. In 1952, the nearby Kincheloe Air Force Base opened a school on its grounds, and by 1959 the base was educating 200 children. A new school site on the base was chosen by the nearby Rudyard Township&#39;s school system. Since the base was within Kinross Township, the Kinross Township school system decided to annex itself to the Rudyard Township schools, sending area children to the new school on the base.</p><br>
<p>Kinross Township continued to use the buildings second story for township meeting, and in 1965 set up a township office. In 1973, the lower school portion of the building was refurbished and used as a Senior Citizens Center. In 1978, the township offices were moved to another building, and in early 1979, the Senior Citizen&#39;s Center also moved. The last organization to use the building, the Kinross Grange, folded in 1979 and the building was abandoned. The building was sold to private owners in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Kinross Township Hall and School is a rectangular two-story hip-roof building on a concrete block foundation, measuring 40 feet across and 26 feet in depth. The building is clad with white-painted clapboard, with plain cornerboards and window trim and projecting eaves with brackets. The front elevation has four symmetrically spaced double-hung one-over-one windows on the second floor, with three identical windows with the same spacing on the first floor. The first floor also has a gabled entry porch at one end of the front facade with a turned-post support at each corner The porch contains paired entry doors, leading to an enclosed, shed-roofed stairwell along the side of the building. A wooden cupola housing a bell was originally located atop the main roof, but has been removed.</p><br>
<p>The interior originally housed a single classroom on the first floor, with one or more small coatrooms and perhaps bathrooms. The second floor was a single large meeting space. Both stories had wooden floors and narrow tongue-and-groove walls and ceilings. The interior was remodeled in the 1970s, with a kitchen and restrooms installed in the first floor space. In addition, was installed over the original flooring, synthetic wood paneling on the walls, and acoustical tile the ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The Middlefield Center Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Middlefield, Massachusetts. It is centered on the junction of Skyline Trail, the main north-south road, with Bell and Town Hill Roads. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Permanent settlement of Middlefield began c. 1770, and the center area was one of the first places to be cleared. After the town was incorporated in 1783, the townspeople established a meetinghouse in the area, and it began to grow as the center of the new towns civic life. During the 19th century the center retained its sense as an agricultural village center, bolstered by the establishment of fairgrounds and an agricultural hall in the 1850s. Most of the villages historic development was along Skyline Trail, where most of the district&#39;s contributing properties lie; the rest lie along Bell Road, leading from the center toward the fairground (which is also part of the district).</p><br>
<p>Casa Vives  is a historic building located in the Ponce Historic Zone in Ponce, Puerto Rico, across from the Plaza de Mercado de Ponce. The home was designed and built by Juan Bertoli Calderoni for Carlos Vives, a prominent local merchant and owner of Hacienda Buena Vista. The home was built in 1860, in the neoclassical style, making it one of the first brick and mortar homes built in the city. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on 13 February 2013. Architecturally, Casa Vives retains all seven aspects of integrity: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association.</p><br>
<h2>Introduction</h2><br>
<p>Casa Vives is a two-story, L-shaped brick and masonry building located at 88 Paseo Atocha, corner of Castillo Street, two blocks north from the towns main plaza in the traditional urban center in the municipality of Ponce. The flatroofed with parapet structure was built in 1860 in the Neoclassical tradition. The residence occupies a lot of 1,174 square meters. Believed, by the Puerto Rico Office of Historic Preservation, to have been designed by local architect Juan Bertoli Calderoni and built by Carlos Milan, Casa Vives elegance, details, materials and quality of craftsmanship, is one of the best preserved 19th century houses in the island. The building epitomizes the quintessential architecture associated with the 19th century upper classes that projected their class vision upon the built landscape of the major urban centers in the island, being the city of Ponce its best example.</p><br>
<h2>Location and purpose</h2><br>
<p>Casa Vives sits in a very prominent corner lot, with its residential entrance facing Atocha Street, the main commercial artery within the traditional urban core. The longitudinal axis of the buildings elevation faces Castillo Street, another important commercial artery, across from the 19th century Plaza del Mercado building. The Neoclassical Casa Vives building has a dominating presence within the area. During the second half of the 19th century, the construction period of Casa Vives, the citys well-to-do citizens shaped the urban center in many ways, one of these being through its architecture, one of the most enduring means. This urban bourgeoisie competed for social status and public recognition using architecture to express their personal achievement and social aspirations. Their residences became social statements that ultimately differentiated Ponces architecture from any other urban center in the Island, and ultimately created the unique and internationally recognized Ponce Creole architectural style. In contrast to Old San Juan, for example, whose residential architecture materialized through the repetitious application of an anonymous facade representing the official establishments homogenous parameters, Ponces urban center developed around individual buildings where each family strived to impress through the built landscape their individuality. The social discourse of Ponces urban center facades created an urban element based, contrary to Old San Juan, not on homogeneity but on its diversity. Sociologist Angel Quintero Rivera has suggested that the elaboration of Ponce&#39;s residential urban center facades manifest a cultural character associated to a Manorial worldview, where the patrician families, upon their "generosity", perceived their residence as a gift to the public and a way to embellish and dignify their city. In Puerto Rico, Casa Vives is considered one of the best remaining examples of homes in this social context.</p><br>
<h2>Design description</h2><br>
<p>Due to its dual commercial and residential purpose, the building&#39;s facade design received a different treatment than those of most other homes of the time. Thus, in the first level, the neoclassical elements are austere; the exterior is articulated by the doors and windows openings. These openings are framed by moldings and pilasters resembling Tuscan columns. The pilasters are crowned by an unadorned, flat architrave that runs along the entire facade, clearly dividing the commercial first floor from the residential upper level. The second level received a more complex treatment, to emphasize its residential and, thus, social significance. The upper level facade is completely articulated around its many openings. There are 13 sets of wooden double doors with adjustable louvers, nine facing Calle Castillo and four overlooking Paseo Atocha. Each doorway is accentuated by a combination of balconies, plaster moldings and pediments, all framed by a rhythmic articulation of Corinthian pilasters. The balconies have the original 19th century wrought iron grilles. The facade is crowned with a sober, but strong entablature. The Tuscan and Corinthian pilaster accent the building verticality, against its massive and dominating horizontality.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial first floor</h3><br>
<p>The buildings lower level has been historically used for commercial purposes. As a corner lot, the first floor L-elevation has one square-shaped volume facing west towards Paseo Atocha, while the other two commercial spaces occupy the longitudinal axis that runs east-to-west along Castillo Street. The commercial spaces are of different sizes. In all three sections, the original floors were replaced with native tiles, product of an early 20th century intervention. The 12-foot high ceiling in the square-shaped section is covered with pressed tin panels, a decorative addition very frequently used during the 1920s among the upper class residences and social/civic buildings in different cities in Puerto Rico. Meanwhile, the 17-foot high ceiling in the other two commercial areas have kept the original exposed ausubo (manilkara bidentata tree) beams, sustaining the pichipen rafters, which support three layers of thin bricks that make-up the foundation for the upper level floor. Throughout the entire first floors interior, the stucco has been removed, leaving the brick walls completely exposed. Each commercial section has its own service room. The 110 feet 5 inches long longitudinal elevation that faces Castillo Street has a very public exposure with four large clear glass windows and an equal number of clear-glass-metal-framed doors. The axis that faces Paseo Atocha has an additional glass door and two large glass windows. All three spaces at the first floor have access to a narrow backyard limited by a seven-foot high brick and masonry wall, which runs east-to-west, and separates the commercial space, physically and visually, from a large open garden-like interior patio only accessible to the upper-level residents. The Castillo Street axis has, on its eastern end, an arched wooden gate, that provide access to the cochera (carport), which by the time Casa Vives was built in the 1860s, served to properly house the familys horse stagecoach, and later, during the early twentieth century, housed the Fords model Ts and Model A&#39;s.</p><br>
<h3>Residential second floor</h3><br>
<p>The residential second-story is accessed thorough an original double-door wooden gate facing Paseo Atocha. Beyond the entrance, an imposing zaguan (hallway), with 17-foot high with exposed beams and rafters ceiling and richly stenciled decorated walls, surprised the visitor. Midpoint in the zaguan, a Roman arch, painted to simulated marble, creates a transition point and serves to visually frame a magnificent eight risers, bronze handrails, marble flared stair. At the stairs landing, there are two identical richly crafted iron grilled gates. One guards the entrance to the second floor, while the other one does the same to and from the patio. At the gates upper portion that faces the zaguan, within a golden painted circle, the metal is curved to form the letters CV, the initials of Carlos Vives, the 1860s owner of the house. A northerly left turn at the landing guides the visitor into an impressive marble straight staircase with bronze handrails, up to the second floor.</p><br>
<p>In the second level, the living quarters consist of 15 rooms divided among sleeping quarters, living room, antesala, dining room, kitchen (with an original 19th century stove), bathroom and studio/library. The layout responds to the L-shaped arrangement. A massive rectangular volume, divided in three spacious rooms with 15-foot high ceilings, faces west overseeing Paseo Atocha. The bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom and dining room are lined-up along the longitudinal axis, facing north overlooking Calle Castillo. This section of the quarters, the most private section of the house, also faces south, towards the interior courtyard. The entrance to each room in the longitudinal axis is accentuated by the use of a classical pediment framing each doorway. Each room facing the patio, with the exception of the dining room at the eastern end, has a distinguishable feature of a double door system. First a double wooden door with adjustable louvers, crowned with a wooden fixed transom with frosted glass panel. Another solid mahogany double door is added, which covers the entire doorway.</p><br>
<p>The rooms within the elongation are accessed through a 48-foot long, 6-foot wide gallery. The gallery is enclosed in its full length through the use of an original row of wooden balustrade, supporting operable wooden transoms, movable wooden louvers and wooden shutters, simultaneously providing shade and air, two important local design considerations, as Ponce is known for its hot weather and its implacable sun. Another significant design in Casa Vives related to Ponces climate is the treatment given to the air circulation within the living quarters. The house has high ceilings, ranging from 14 to 15 feet, to give hot air more space to rise. Adorned ventilation holes are strategically located at the four corners of every rooms ceiling, allowing for the heat to exit through the roof and letting the cool air circulate throughout the entire house. The fresh air is captured at the roof through a set of brick and masonry ventilation structures, oriented in an east-to-west direction (the usual direction of the wind currents), and channelized to the house interior. Every single room in the house connects to the adjacent room through wooden double doors (some with louvers and shutters, other of solid construction), allowing air to circulate from one space to another. Furthermore, many of the interior doors are crowned with wooden transoms, facilitating the air conduit even with the doors closed. In addition, every single room has, at least, one wooden double door that open toward the exterior.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of the bathroom, the walls in the house featured diverse surface treatment. Almost every wall is decorated with hand painted and stenciled art recreating geometric patterns and classic motifs: garlands, pilasters, columns and linear designs to accentuate the corners. All floors are of wooden planks made out of tabloncillo (sideroxylon portoricense), with the exception of the gallery&#39;s floor, which consist of hydraulic cement tiles, result of an early twentieth century intervention. The ceiling also consists of wooden planks, mostly decorated with hand painted geometric motifs and stenciled designs.</p><br>
<h3>Backyard</h3><br>
<p>The L-shaped layout of the massive building, together with adjacent constructions, and the surrounding brick and masonry fence, hides to the local transient the open and greenish interior patio of the residence. The patio can be access through the zaguan, the carport, or directly from the upper level eastern end, using a brick and masonry half-turn with landing staircase. As of 2013 the house was vacant, and thus the small urban courtyard-backyard reflects abandonment. However, there are certain built elements within the area that still warrant further description. Most important of these is the marble flared stair, identical to the zaguan staircase (but with one less riser) and the iron grilled gate, which replicates also the zaguans iron gate. Many early twentieth century Vives family photos at the patio, using the staircase as stage, suggest the social importance of the location. A water fountain sits at the center of the patio, another favorite spot for early 20th century family photos. There are two separate brick and masonry constructions in a precarious state, currently used as construction material storage area. During the 19th century, the buildings were use as residence for the service personnel.</p><br>
<h3>Roof and exterior features</h3><br>
<p>The buildings roof is accessed through an interior wooden stair. Made of thin bricks, three layers deep, as it was the practice by the 1860s, and surrounded by a three-foot high parapet, the roof contains various elements of architectural interest. First, there are the ventilation structures described previously. In addition, the engineering techniques applied in the design of the roofs drainage speaks well of the craftsman quality at the time. The flat roof slopes slightly towards the western edge, pushing any rainfall into that direction, while, at the same time, at the foot of the parapet, the deck was slightly raised in an arrow shape, dividing the incoming water current and forcing it directly into the drainage holes. The rain fall capture at the roof, according to historic documentation, finds its ways into a well located at the patio.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<h3>Craftsmanship</h3><br>
<p>Casa Vives is of significance as the property represents a well-preserved example of 19th century craftsmanship, methods and construction techniques. Also the property represents the pattern of urban development applied within many traditional urban centers in Puerto Rico, being the city of Ponce probably its best example. Casa Vives is also significant as it exemplifies the social aspirations and class-representation of the nineteenth century upper echelons and their impact in the built landscape.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial context</h3><br>
<p>Casa Vives is associated with and represents Ponces 19th century urban development. Just a small settlement consisting of one 115 houses and 5,038 people scattered around a small plaza with a little deteriorated church at the center by the late 18th century, by 1878 Ponces urban center projected a striving city with four squares, an urban grid with 34 major streets, 1,084, 260 huts and 2,204 families co-existing within the urban core. Around the same year, the municipality of Ponce consisted of five urban wards, numerically named as sectors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5; the urban wards of La Playa and Cantera and 21 rural wards. Within the urban core, excluding public buildings and huts, there were 973 residences: 53 2-story brick and masonry houses; 101 houses of just one level of the same material; 33 2-story houses of mixed construction (masonry at the lower level with a wooden upper floor); 37 2-story wooden houses and 742 1-story wooden houses.</p><br>
<p>The boom in Ponces urban development was tied to the citys agricultural and commercial activity. During the first decades of the 19th century, Puerto Ricos agricultural production became more important than its military strategic location within the Caribbean. As foreign trade became significant, so did cities with port facilities. Ponce took great advantage of its location in the southern portion of the island and its most adequate port facilities, officially opened at La Playa by 1804. The city was able to capitalize on its distant location from San Juan, channelizing not only its own local production, but also absorbing the production of adjacent municipalities and becoming the main center in the islands international market, replacing San Juan as head of the exporting commerce. In 1890, Ponce was responsible for the exportation of 33.2% of the island&#39;s production, while San Juan accounted for 21.2 percent.</p><br>
<p>Ponces economic strength was also the result of the city becoming the home base of a very influential immigration. Events like the Haitian Revolution (1789–1804), the Latin American Wars of Independence (1810–1824), and the Spanish government immigrants policies (like the 1815 Real Cedula de Gracia) promoted the arrival of numerous well-to-do foreign citizens that made out of Ponces fertile flatlands their new production centers (specially sugarcane) and turned Ponce&#39;s urban center into their new homes. Don Salvador de Vives, founder of the Vives dynasty in the island and the well-known Hacienda Buena Vista, arrived in Ponce in 1821, from Venezuela, with his wife, his little son, Carlos Vives, future owner of Casa Vives, and two slaves, as part of this human exodus.</p><br>
<p>Ponces agricultural economy and commerce gravitated around two main crops: sugar and coffee. The sugar industry will bring its collateral consequences: the establishment of a social framework based on slavery. In Ponce, more than any other region of the island, sugar and slavery were synonymous. By the time Salvador Vives died in 1845, after being city mayor three consecutive terms, slaves constituted 11% of the population of the island as a whole; in Ponce, they made up 23% of the population. As an example, slaves provided the main workforce at Vives Hacienda Buena Vista.</p><br>
<p>The slave commerce, as the sugar, coffee and other crops produced within the southern region and mostly exported through Ponce, promoted the formation of a strong commercial sector, just as dominant as the powerful landlord class. Through their commercial relationships, social interaction and marriage arrangements, these upper groups conformed an urban bourgeoisie that shaped Ponces urban landscape. According to Carlos A. Rubio Cancela of the Puerto Rico Historical Preservation Office, "the words used by historian Frank Moya Pons to describe the new urban centers in the Dominican Republic could be properly applied to Ponces development by 19th century: new buildings were erected, light systems were installed, the streets were paved and provided with sewage and aqueducts, social clubs and literary societies were founded and theaters and plazas were built. As architect Jorge Rigau indicates, "The vigorous commercial activity... introduced an urban lifestyle previously unknown." The striving commercial activity in the city attracted businessmen, landlords, and speculators into the urban core, but it also attracted carpenters, artisans, brick layers, contractors, architects, engineers, artists, and many others from which the city&#39;s landscape would grow and benefit.</p><br>
<p>Through the intensive use of agriculture and its equally intensive port commerce, Ponce became the richest municipality in the island. By 1890, with 70 municipalities already formed, Ponce was the town that most contributed in taxes to the state treasury.</p><br>
<h3>Social context</h3><br>
<p>Casa Vives location in a very prominent corner lot at the intersection of two of the citys main commercial roadways, together with its imposing neoclassical architectural sent a tacit message to the rest of the city&#39;s well-to-do citizens about the social and financial status of its owner. It was a social statements meant to differentiate them from other wealthy, yet less fortunuate, citizens in the local and insular sphere. It was also intended aa a "gift" to the population at large and their future generations to perpetuate pride in their city. In Puerto Rico, Casa Vives is considered one of the best remaining examples of homes in this social context.</p><br>
<p>Lake in the Sky is an artificial lake in Blount County, Tennessee, formed by damming Flat Creek. It lies in the center of Top of the World, an unincorporated community.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lake in the Sky is a small mountain lake located on the slopes of Chilhowee Mountain. Foothills Parkway passes just to the northwest, and the boundary of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park lies just to the southeast. The lake lies in an area called The Flats, on a spur of Chilhowee Mountain. The surrounding country is rugged. Lake in the Sky is at an elevation of 2,008 ft above sea level. The nearest major town is Townsend, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Lake</h2><br>
<p>The lake is part of the watershed of the Little River. It is near the head of Flat Creek, a tributary of Hesse Creek. The Flat Creek dam is at the north end of the lake. The dam was built in 1966, forming the 52.5 acre lake. Flat Creek is non-navigable.</p><br>
<p>Lake of the Sky is not operated for flood control purposes, but it is one of several dams in Blount County that may provide some protection against flooding.</p><br>
<p>Specimens of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii, an exotic species that is widespread in the United States, have been found in the lake. Downstream of Lake in the Sky, Flat Creek had elevated iron concentrations in fall and summer of 2003. This is a concern since the creek is a direct tributary to a stocked trout stream.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement</h2><br>
<p>Juan Pardo may have visited the future site of the lake during his 1567–68 expedition. He found a small reddish stone, which was examined by Andrés Suarez, a "melter of gold and silver". Suarez considered that it contained silver.</p><br>
<p>The lake today is surrounded by a small community at 35.6534181&deg; latitude, -83.9099010&deg; longitude named the Top of the World Estates. The Blount County Fire Protection District has its station #8 at 5714 Flats Road, on the east shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Duckett House is a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places located in Laurens, South Carolina. The vernacular, one-story, L-shaped frame house was built ca1892 by Charles H. "Charlie" Duckett, a notable African-American businessman in Laurens. He was a contractor, a carpenter, owner of a funeral home, and owner of what for a number of years was the only lumber yard in the city.</p><br>
<p>The house, built on a brick pier foundation, has a standing seam metal hip roof with a low pitch and beaded weatherboard siding. The main entrance door has an Eastlake-style design. The interior of the house features a central hall with five rooms on the main floor and the kitchen and dining room located in the stuccoed brick wall basement. The dining room has a built-in china cabinet, a Greek revival style mantel and a paneled ceiling. The rooms of the house have plaster walls, carved mantels and picture mouldings.</p><br>
<p>Located in a neighborhood associated with the African-American community since it was first developed, the house remained in the Duckett family until 1975. It is now owned by the Laurens County African American Cultural Foundation, with an easement held by the Palmetto Trust for Historic Preservation. It is now used as a museum and community action center.</p><br>
<p>Byrknesøyna is an island in Gulen Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 18 km&sup2; island lies between the Sognesjøen and the Fensfjorden, just west of the island of Mjømna. It is located about 13 km straight southwest of the municipal centre of Eivindvik and about 80 km north of the city of Bergen.</p><br>
<p>Almost all of the inhabitants live in the village of Byrknes on the northwestern coast of the island. There are thousands of small (mostly uninhabited) islets surrounding Byrknesøyna. The island is connected to the mainland by a series of bridges heading to the east which connect Byrknesøyna to Mjømna island, then to Sandøyna island, and then on to the mainland. The highest point on the island is the 194 m tall Veten. The island is covered by a typical western Norwegian heather moorland.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s residents are mostly engaged in the fishing industry. There are several fish farming operations as well as fish processing. There is also some sheep herding on the island.</p><br>
<p>Hiserøyna or Hisarøyna is an island in Gulen Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 18.7 km&sup2; island lies about 600 m west of the mainland, and about 2.5 km west of the village of Eivindvik, the municipal centre of Gulen. The island is located south of the Sognesjøen and north of the Gulafjorden.</p><br>
<p>The coastline is rocky and has several fjords which cut into the island. The southeast part of the island is dominated by the 313 m tall mountain Veten, while the rest of the island is relatively flat with some marshy lowland areas. Most of the island is unsuitable for habitation. The island&#39;s inhabitants live in just a few farm areas: Nyhammaren (on the east coast), Stemnebø and Vilsvika (on the south coast), Hjartås (central part of the island, along a fjord), and Straume (on the northern coast).</p><br>
<p>In September 2013, a cable ferry connection was opened connecting Hisarøyna to the mainland. The regular ferry route takes about 8 minutes to cross the strait. This is the first regular connection to the island. It will carry up to 6 automobiles or one large truck.</p><br>
<p>Dial Mill is a historic gristmill and flour mill outside of Conyers, Georgia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 6, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The mill is a three-story frame building but as tall as a modern five-story building. It is made of hand-hewn virgin pine, with sixteen-inch square interior beams. It has a one-story shed addition on the north side and an overhanging roof at first-floor level around the west and south sides. The building has flour and corn milling equipment "with shuts and grain elevators containing an intricate system of belts and pulleys which carried grain from floor to floor during the milling process."</p><br>
<p>It is located northeast of Conyers off GA 138, near the historic Hightower Trail.</p><br>
<p>It is significant as one of the first mills in this area of Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Woodall-Patton House and Post Office, also known as the Schley Post Office and locally known as Patton Hill Post Office, is a historic building in Ellaville, Georgia. It is located on GA 240 3 miles west of US19, along the route between the towns of Buena Vista and Oglethorpe. The post office operated from 1888 until 1905.</p><br>
<p>The Woodall-Patton House is a frame, one-story double pen house, with a hipped roof. It has brick chimneys and is supported by brick piers, and has a full-length front porch. During 1888 to 1905, its front parlor served as the USA Post Office for the northwest corner of Schley, using the postal name of Schley, Georgia. Its postmaster was the owner/resident of the house: James W. Woodall (1888-1893), and then his sister, Mary Ella Woodall Patton (1893-1905). with</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It was deemed to be "an excellent example of a double pen-type house that remains in a very unrestored state and thus contains most of its original double-pen form, floor plan, and its original floors, walls, ceilings and doors, including separate front entrance doors, as well as original porcelain</p><br>
<p>knobs. It represents a good, remaining example of a rural farm dwelling from the post Civil War era."</p><br>
<p>A frame smokehouse was a contributing building on the property.</p><br>
<p>Fitzpatrick Hotel is a historic hotel in Washington, Georgia. It was built in 1898. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is located at 18 West Public Square. In 2009 it was home to Cafe Bistro.</p><br>
<p>A great fire in Washington-Wilkes Georgia in 1895 destroyed the buildings on the site. The hotel was the first building in Washington to have a telephone system.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story building with load-bearing brick construction that was deemed to be "a fine example of late nineteenth hotel design in a mid-sized Georgia town. Its Queen Anne style design and detailing are particularly outstanding for a hotel in a town of this size. In terms of commerce, the building is significant as an intact example of the hotels located in Georgia&#39;s county seats to serve local and county citizens with courthouse business, traveling salesmen (drummers) and out of town visitors."</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architects Golucke and Stewart. Its Queen Anne exterior detailing includes its "</p><br>
<p>the rich mixture of building materials, textures and forms...brick, stone, metal, a corner turret, a balcony, bay windows, stained glass, garlands and swags are combined here in a lively yet coherent manner."</p><br>
<p>The Western and Atlantic Depot is a historic Western and Atlantic Railroad train depot in Dalton, Georgia and home to the Dalton Depot Restaurant. It was built in 1852. The building is the oldest surviving commercial structure in Dalton and is a "fine example" of depot architecture in Georgia in the mid-1800s.</p><br>
<p>It was a site used during the Great Locomotive Chase (satirized in a Buster Keaton film) and was a troop transport location during the American Civil War, including during the Battle of Dalton. The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 6, 1978. It is located on Depot Street at the east end of King Street.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Locomotive Chase, on April 12, 1862, the Confederacys pursuit train Texas dropped off 17-year-old Edward Henderson in Dalton to telegraph ahead to Chattanooga to warn that Andrews Raiders were on their way.</p><br>
<p>It seems the depot was partially destroyed in 1862 when Union troops captured Dalton and set fire to several buildings; the depot&#39;s roof, ornamental brackets, and interior may have been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Road–Pine River Bridge, also known as the Riverdale Bridge, was a bridge located on Lincoln Road over the Pine River near Seville, Michigan. The architect behind the Lincoln Road–Pine River Bridge was the Michigan State Highway Department and its builder was Walter Willets. The bridge is notable for being a large early example of an arched through girder bridge in Michigan, and for sitting on substantially skewed abutments. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Michigan State Highway Department first designed an arched through girder bridge in 1921, and built the first of them over the River Raisin at Tecumseh. Later versions of the design followed; among the earliest was this bridge over the Pine River. The bridge was constructed for the M-46 trunkline and designated number 291402. In October 1921 the state contracted Walter Willets to construct the bridge. The bridge was completed the following year at a total cost of $18,186.15.</p><br>
<p>The bridge eventually suffered from severe spalling, and in 2009 it was demolished and replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 1922 Lincoln Road–Pine River Bridge had a single main span stretching 90 ft. The bridge was 26 ft wide with a roadway width of 20 ft. It was constructed using two arched concrete through girders which sat on brackets projecting from concrete abutments. Twelve concrete floor beams ran between the girders to support the roadway. The sides of the bridge featured recessed panels and five arched cutouts. The bridge served in essentially unaltered condition until it was demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Ithaca Downtown Historic District is a commercial historic district located on East Center Street, between Main and Pine River, in Ithaca, Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ithaca was founded in 1855; development of the new settlement began the next year when it was selected as the county seat of the newly formed Gratiot County. The first commercial enterprise, located just west of this district, was John Jeffery&#39;s store, built in 1856. In 1860 a hotel was built at the corner of Main and Center (within this district), and by 1869 the block was filled with one- to three- story wooden commercial buildings. Ithaca was incorporated as a village in 1869. In the 1870s, brick buildings were constructed in the district; the first one being the 1875 Richardson & Weatherwax grocery store.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 a railroad was built into the village. This spurred both agricultural development in the surrounding area, but also industrial development in Ithaca itself. Fires in 1888 and 1890 destroyed some of the earlier wooden buildings which were replaced with brick. A 1905 fire destroyed the last of the earlier wooden buildings, and a new building was erected the following year. Except for the 1920s-era gas station, and a 1988 building erected on the site of a 1987 fire which destroyed one of the historic buildings, the Ithaca Downtown Historic District looks much as it did in 1906.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The district includes 20 buildings, 18 of which were constructed in the 1875-1906 period. The buildings are predominantly red brick Late Victorian structures, and stand side-by-side in a single block along Center Street. The block is divided by a narrow alley running perpendicular to Center, separating each side of the street into two halves.</p><br>
<p>The largest commercial building in the district, the three-story, three-storefront J. Jeffery & Sons Block, stands at the southwest corner of Center and Main Streets. Three more commercial buildings stand next to the Jeffery Block, spanning the space to the alley. These three buildings exhibit interesting contrasting designs, with massive rockface fieldstone masonryon one, pointy stone "Gothic" incised window caps and a finial-capped metal cornice on another, and mixed red and yellow-buff brickwork on the third. On the north side of the street, a former gas station stands at the corner, followed by a row of two-story buildings, running west to the alley. These buildings exhibit a broad variety of architectural styles in 1890s commercial buildings, with different types and shapes of brick, brickwork piers, and brick paneling in various shapes. Many use terra cotta, and exhibit a variety of window shapes and sizes.</p><br>
<p>West of the alley on the south side is a 1988 building constructed in a style that complements its neighbors. Nearby is another Late Victorian three-storefront block, with an elaborate bracketed iron cornice. On the north side of the street, four buildings west of the alley retain a generally high degree of integrity. The first building is the oldest in the district, dating from 1875. It has Gothic-arch second-story windows with paneled brickwork, and retains its original iron storefront columns. Next door is a stone-front building with narrow windows.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Street School is a historic schoolhouse at 13 Pine Street in Northfield, Massachusetts. The school was built in 1904, and represents a well-preserved specimen of an early 20th-century school building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Westfield architect Augustus W. Holton in 1903, the building is a -story Colonial Revival structure, built to replace a smaller schoolhouse that was overcrowded and in poor condition. On the first floor it has a large vestibule, with hanging hooks for student coats. Doors lead into two equally sized classrooms which still have original electrical fixtures, wooden bead-board wainscoting, and plaster walls. Stairs from the vestibule lead up to a third, larger classroom. The building was used as a schoolhouse from its construction until 1940, when a fire destroyed the town&#39;s Center School. The town then consolidated the elementary grades in a newly built Center School building. The Pine Street school building has served as the town museum since 1943.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse in Alamo, Georgia. It is located at 119 Pearl Street. The courthouse is brick and has a columned facade on all four sides.</p><br>
<p>The town of Alamo was incorporated in 1909, and Wheeler County was formed, with Alamo as its county seat, in 1912. In 1914 a courthouse was built, designed the previous year by Ed Hosford as his last Georgia courthouse design. The courthouse burned down in 1916 and was rebuilt in 1917, in a design by Frank P. Milburn in the Neoclassical style. It was renovated in 1961. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is "relatively lavishly ornamented", relative to other Georgia courthouses, including in its pilasters and the elaborateness of its Corinthian capitals.</p><br>
<p>Glenwood High School, also known as Old Glenwood School, is a historic school in Glenwood, Georgia that has been used in recent years as an alternative school. It is located at 505 3rd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed as a one-story school building in 1920 and expanded with a two-story addition in 1930 and 1933, and an auditorium was added in 1951. It includes aspects of the Colonial Revival, Craftsman, bungalow, and Spanish Mission Revival architectural styles. In 1996 a Georgia Heritage Grant was awarded to repair the school&#39;s windows. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. As of 2017, it houses the Transitional Alternative Prep School.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance has a Spanish Colonial Revival-style parapet.</p><br>
<p>The Żejtun Roman villa is an archaeological complex in the city of Żejtun, in south-eastern Malta. The open-air remains contain areas of original Roman tiling and coloured stucco. The complex was an active settlement since the Bronze Age, although the presently visible remains can be mainly dated from the Punic period right up to Late Antiquity. The site was discovered in 1961, with the complex being the subject of two large-scale archaeological investigations, the first of which was carried out in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>More evidence of ancient habitation in the area comes from burial grounds, such as those around St Gregory&#39;s Church, Tal-Barrani, Tal-Ħotba and Bulebel.</p><br>
<p>The site is located in the grounds of the St Thomas More Secondary School in Żejtun.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The remains rest on the highest point of a long, flat ridge stretching in an east-west direction. The villa can be found close to the eastern end of the ridge. Beyond the secondary school grounds on the east side, the ridge dips significantly towards Tas-Silġ and Delimara, along the main road leading to these destinations. The ridge dips gently to the north and south, beyond the main road. The road maintains more or less the same altitude to the west until Bir id-Deheb, with the ground rising again towards Gudja and the parish church of Ħal Għaxaq. The remains, therefore, are a couple of metres higher than the old parish church of Saint Catherine&#39;s (the present St Gregory’s church) and considerably higher than the present Żejtun parish church.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavation</h2><br>
<p>Local people had known of the existence of ancient remains in the vicinity, it was not until 1964 that archaeologists systematically excavated the site, which had been accidentally uncovered by workmen when a school was being built. Various Punic and Roman tombs were discovered in the area around Żejtun, the most interesting being the burial complex at Tal-Barrani, with evidence of substantial restructuring in the 7th century. On April 8, 1963 a tomb was discovered and investigated by the local authorities “in the field immediately to the east of the new village school.” It contained both Punic and Roman material, including a “third century lamp, a glass unguentarium…and a large peg based amphora split to serve as a child’s sarcophagus”</p><br>
<p>No signs of the ancient remains were apparent in the fields before 1961, when “traces of masonry and some pottery came to light” during the building of a new school for the village. The authorities&#39; investigations deemed the remains to be “slight”, with no further action being taken. The discovery of more remains was again notified in 1964, with them being identified as a “Puno-Roman building”. Three main features were surveyed, namely a large water cistern, a line of stone water channels, and a foundation wall which was separated from a nearby paved area by a trench. The Roman villa was excavated again between 1972 and 1976, as well as from 2006 onwards.</p><br>
<p>During the initial full-scale excavations in 1972, the work focused on the area containing the olive oil pressing remains. Flat floor slabs were also exposed. Archaeologists also found the remains of a number of rectangular rooms paved with lozenge-shaped tiles, in an area identified with residential habitation. The villa was a domestic country settlement with a residential area and an industrial area for olive pressing. The latter is confirmed by large parallel-piped block, with various holes and channels, anchor blocks, and a square block hollowed out to form a circular liquid container. The residential area consisted of at least three rectangular rooms, one of which could be described as a long hall. All the rooms were paved with lozenge-shaped tiles, with coloured tiles forming a herring-bone pattern. These are different from the patterns discovered in the other villas in Malta and Gozo. The walls of the villa were also plastered and decorated with simple line paintings in red, yellow and green, traces of which survived. A hoard of 43 bronze Roman coins dating mostly to the third century AD were recovered during the excavations, as was a small stone oil press.</p><br>
<p>Bronze Age occupation was indicated by two rock-cut silos containing sherds of the Borġ in-Nadur Phase cut in the very soft bedrock. Evidence of activity in Punic times is suggested by finds of early ceramic fragments like the fragment of an imitation kylix and a black gloss sherd, possibly Attic. The most intensive use of the site was in Roman imperial times, as confirmed by the presence of several terra sigillata fragments, both Italian and North African.</p><br>
<p>The most important find from the 1976 excavation were two fragments of a cooking pot, one bearing an inscription in Punic characters which was read either as a dedication to the god Astarte, or to Anat, or to both. A large number of pottery shards were also discovered, including half a flat red plate and more hand-made pottery. Vine trenches were also found below the Żejtun villa, indicating that the trenches pre-dated the Roman era.</p><br>
<p>No permanent protection was ever erected to preserve the remains on site, bar a boundary wall which separates the villa from the school and residential roads. Archaeological investigations by the Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Malta were resumed in 2006. Investigations have been carried out in Germany on artifacts found at Żejtun to establish if there was oil production, but the results have been inconclusive.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Old Effingham County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse in Springfield, the county seat of Effingham County in east central Georgia. It is located on Georgia State Route 21, at 901 North Pine Street in Springfield.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was designed by Savannah architect Hyman C. Whitcover and was built from 1908 to 1909 at a cost of $40,000, soon after George Mills Brinson&#39;s railroad was extended to Springfield in August 1907.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is in the Neoclassical style, with Palladian aspects. The building replaced a previous county courthouse built in 1849.</p><br>
<p>The Old Effingham County Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1980 and is listed under the name Effingham County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on a new courthouse, officially the Effingham County Judicial Complex, in 2004, with construction complete by late 2006, occupation in January 2007, and a dedication ceremony in March 2007. The old courthouse is now used as the Effingham County district attorney&#39;s office. The offices of the county tax commissioner are also located in old courthouse. Other county administrative offices are located in separate building (formerly a church) near the new courthouse.</p><br>
